SEMANTIC DERIVATION STRATEGIES OF IRRATIONAL VOCABULARY IN THE UKRAINIAN, ENGLISH AND GERMAN LANGUAGES

Summary The paper focuses on the semantic derivation models of irrational vocabulary – a semantic class of words that denote the situation of experience that is not based on logical reasons or rational thinking. The study elaborates on the semantic derivation strategies of irrational verbs, adjectives and nouns in the Ukrainian, English and German languages. The modelling of semantic derivation strategies provided in the paper proceeds from the assumption that the development of an irrational vocabulary paradigm is realised based on a prototypical situation model – a construct that characterizes not only the nature of the source and target meanings but also the ways those meanings are connected. We posit two constituents to underlie the prototypical model of irrational situation – the features of irrational situation participants and those of irrational situation itself. Both characteristics determine the nature of semantics shift strategies, among those are argument, componential, implicative and metaphorical ones. The argument strategy provides for promoting and demoting arguments within the same actantial structure set by a predicate. The componential strategy deals with the semantic transformations, resulting in a new concept of situation (whereas a target meaning borrows some components from a source one). The implicative strategy occurs based on a contiguous connection of different situations or different fragments of the same situation. The metaphoric strategy pro - vides for the similarities revealed between the situations. The study concludes that irrational vocabulary in the Ukrainian, English and German languages apply more to the componential, implicative and metaphorical strategies, which provides for the priority of the inter-concept relations in the languages.

The study deals with the contrastive analysis of semantic derivation strategies of irrational vocabulary that is a semantic class of words that denote the situation of experience that is not based on logical reasons or rational thinking and appear without human's mind participation. The object of research is verb, adjective, and noun naming units to denote the situation of irrational state in the Ukrainian, English and German languages, cf. ukr. провіщати; eng. divine; ger. vorhersagen; ukr. ірраціональний; eng. irrational; ger. irrational; ukr. інстинкт; eng. instinct; ger. der Instinkt etc. The selection of such naming units is caused on the one hand with the factor of unrelated concept of the situation of irrational state and on the other hand with the special features of actantial structure of basic semiological (nominal, verbial, adjectival) subclasses of words. The signs that belong to different subclasses have different potential of semantic valency, different level of contextual dependence and semantic autonomy (Ufimtseva, 2004: 99). According to this opinion, strategies of semantic derivation of irrational vocabulary will be interpreted as the strategies of situational type realized on the aspect of strategies to widen the concept of the situation of irrational state.
The aim of the research is to characterize the strategies of semantic derivation of irrational vocabulary in the Ukrainian, English and German languages and identify the dynamics of semantic paradigm development of mentioned class of word in a contrastive aspect.
The aim is achieved by the solution of such tasks as: -to characterize a prototypical situation model of irrational vocabulary of chosen languages basing on available common semantic components; -to identify the strategies of semantic derivation of researched vocabulary basing on the material of contrasted languages; -to characterize the models of semantic derivation of irrational lvocabulary in the Ukrainian, English and German languages; -to describe special features of semantic paradigm development of irrational vocabulary in researched languages; -to identify the prospects of the following research of irrational vocabulary.
The material of the research is presented with 83 nouns (46 from Ukrainian, 14 from English, 23 from German), 40 verbs (16 from Ukrainian, 13 from English, 11 from German), 123 adjectives (58 from Ukrainian, 49 from English, 16 from German) that belong to the semantic class of irrational vocabulary and were selected by contionuous sampling method.
It was chosen descriptive, contrastive, structural, and modeling methods as the basic ones in the research. Descriptive method gives a possibility to systematize and generalize collected information and factual material. With the help of contrastive method it was analyzed special features of irrational vocabulary interpretation in the Ukrainian, English and German languages. To identify strategies of semantic derivation it was used structural method (transformational analysis). To form the prototypical situation model of irrational vocabulary it was used modeling method. This sytem of methods provide conclusions validity and objective evidence.

Results
Research interprets semantic derivation as a process of new meaning creation of lexical unit when the relationship that unites all meanings of polyseme word are forming as the result of such creation. Lexical polyseme is possible under the condition of using the strategies of semantic derivation. Semantic derivation strategy is interpreted as a certain type of relationship between direct nominal and secondary meanings of lexical unit when actually derivation occurs as the result. The paper presents semantic derivation strategies as a tool to identify semantic derivation shifts between the meanings of lexical unit that occur in the process of derivation. Depending on special features of semantic shifts that identify the character of "transformations" of lexical units' meanings it is singled out four types of semantic derivation strategies: argument, componential, and implicative ones (non-metaphorical strategies) and metaphorical analogy (Kustova, 2004: 55-58). Mentioned strategies are realized in the models of lexical semantic derivation.

Prototypical situation model of irrational vocavulary
The paper characterizes model of semantic derivation as a theoretical construction that reproduces semantic shifts from the initial to secondary meaning of lexical unit.
The analysis of semantic derivation strategies suggests the descriprion of a prototypical situation model as a construct that characterizes the nature (origin) of secondary meanings and the fact how these meanings are related. "Situation model does not only give semantic material for secondary meanings. Also it provides their connection and in the same way the unity of polyseme word" (Kustova, 2004: 40).
Prototypical situation model of irrational vocabulary is based on the unity of two constituents: the character of irrational situation disclosure and participants' character of irrational situation.
2. Participants' character of irrational situation (basic participants of irrational situation are Experiencer (subject of irrational state) and Stimulus (object of irrational state)).
Within the realization of given semantic components the study characterizes semantic derivation strategies of researched vocabulary analyzing semantic shifts from: a) "rational" to "irrational"; b) "irrational" to "irrational"; c) "irrational" to "unretional". Herewith "rational" is interpreted as situations whose participants are lead with the mind "ratio", "irrational" is definied as the situations that are not related with rational aspect of experience; "unretioanl" is characterized as all other situations that do not belong to "rational" or "irrational" (emotional state, esteem, identification etc.). Data sheet No.1 (see below) serves as an auxiliary tool to present the results. This data sheet consists of numerical information about researched lexical units and efficiency percentage of each strategy in contrasted languages.  Legend: А -argument strategy, C -componential strategy, І -іmplicative strategy, М -metaphorical analogy

Argument strategy
The core of argument strategy deals with hierarchical promotion of "lower" arguments of direct nominal meaning to "higher" position in secondary meaning with the components of the same arguments. Herewith secondary meaning disclosures other configuration of arguments and their components (other "internal syntax") and other communicative prospect. In such way observer's (nominator's) different positions are realized towards the situation which is presented with direct nominal and secondary meanings. Mentioned strategy is interpreted as an internal metonymy as it is known that essence shifts under specified conditions are limited wih one situation (Olkhovska).
An example of argument strategy is presented with lexical unit відчувати. From direct nominal meaning "сприймати органами чуття" it is derived irrational meaning "сприймати інтуїцією, чуттям що-небудь", cf.: ukr. І душею я відчуваю, коли кличеш мене уві сні (КUМ). According to this example experienced participant intuitively perceives appropriate state of things with the help of special organ (inalienable participant nomina anatomica) -the soul presented as localized analizator inside human's self. The author provides the opinion that it is an inalienable feature that defines non-metaphorical direction of derivational strategy and differs from metaphorical analogy (see below). Instead of this situation that is presented in the example ukr. Душа, на відміну від розуму не думає і не міркує -вона відчуває і знає, тому не помиляється (Zeland) is perceived as secondary since the participant душа is raised in communicative rank: from local (analizator) to total (a substitute of the subject of sensual perception).
The study reveals that for English equivalent feel "1. to be aware of (a person or object) through touching or being touched; 2. experience (an emotion or sensation)" and German one fühlen "1. mit dem Tastsinn, den Nerven wahrnehmen; körperlich spüren; 2. seelisch empfinden" argument strategy is realized in the same way thatit is for Ukrainian equivalent відчувати, cf.: eng. I am feeling in my soul (Brook) vs. Long lay the world in sin and error pining till he appeared and the soul felt its worth sign (Dwight); ger. Ich soll dich fühlen, Geist der Welt, aus dem tiefsten Innern dich fühlen, mit meinem Herzen, meiner Seele, meinem Ich (Steiner) vs. Fühlt meine Seele das ersehnte Licht (Robert-Tornow).
The study points out that for English equivalent sense: "1. Any of the faculties by which stimuli from outside or inside the body are received and felt as the faculties of hearing, sight, smell, touch, taste, and equilibrium; 2. An intuitive or acquired perception or ability to estimate" (FDF) and German one Gefühl "1. Das Fühlen (durch Nerven vermittelte), Empfindungen; 2. Gefühlsmäßiger, nicht näher zu erklärender Eindruck; Ahnung" (DUDEN) argument strategy is realized in the same way that it is for Ukrainian equivalent чуття, cf.: eng. When the mind is guided by the wandering senses, then it carries away one's understanding, as does the wind a ship on the water (Anderson) vs. An eerie sixth sense guided him to wherever a crisis was unfolding (Lewis); ger. Viktorine, mein Herz huldigt Ihnen, mein Gefühl leitet mich -fehn Sie gutig weg über alles Uebrige! (Ernst) vs. Ich erklärte ihm in kurzen Worten und womöglich in noch trockenerem Ton als vorher, wie ich die Brieftasche aufgehoben hätte, ihm noch nachgecilt ware und ihm nachgerufen hatte, und wie ich endlich auf meine Vermutung hin, und beіnah nur von meinem Gefühl geleitet, hinter ihm her die Treppe hinaufgelaufen wäre (Dostojewski).

Componential strategy
Componential strategy is correlated to semantic shifts. As the result a secondary meaning appears and it has the own list of arguments and roles that are appropriate to a new situation (herewith secondary meaning borrows some components of initial meaning).
The author explores that semantic shift is realized basing on the component "localization of irrational situation" (this process transfers from traditional container of "mind" for thinking to the container of "intuition"). Basing on the same component semantic shift occurs in the English and German languages cf.: eng. "to find the right answer to a question or the truth without knowing all the facts": I guessed his every thought (OED), and ger. "erraten": Еr hat mein Alter richtig geraten (DUDEN).
When semantic shift of verbs occurs in the direction of state -special state adjectives deal with semantic shift special feature -feature. An example of componential strategy is presented with lexical unit божевільний. From direct nominal meaning "який має психічний розлад; психічно хворий" it is derived irrational (behaviour) one -"нерозсудливий, нерозважливий": ukr. Які божевільні вчинки робили заради коханих? (Ivashchuk). Semantic shift characterizes Experiencer as thoughtless participant of irrational situation where imprudence is caused with internal reason -feeling of love. The author provides the opinion, that semantic shift is realized basing on the component "dependence of irrational situation disclosure (internal factor -spontaneity of crazy action for the sake of lover)". In return, in the English and German languages for lexical units mad "done without thought or control, wild and excited" and wahnsinnig "geistesgestört, verrückt" semantic shift is realized basing on the component of "degree of irrational situation disclosure (the feature of redundancy -"so mad"; "wahnsinnig glücklich")", cf.: eng. "extremely enthusiastic": I am so mad to love you [Morcheeba] and "außergewöhnlich, extrem": "Weißt du", sagt er und nimmt einen kräftigen Schluck Rotwein, "wenn du ein Leben lang zwei große Leidenschaften hast und du die selbst in Ausnahmesituationen kombinieren kannst, dann macht dich das wahnsinnig glücklich" (DWDS).
The paper provides nouns as the examples of componential strategy in particular lexical unit фантазія, where from direct nominal meaning "творча уява": ukr. Вважали, що тільки в шляхетській крові мужність, фантазія і високі зльоти розуму, а в хлопській самі лінощі, тяжкість та горілка, розбавлена шинкарями водою (КUМ) it is derived irrational meaning "нічим не обґрунтована думка, вигадка": ukr. Він, звісно, все це робив глибоко підсвідомо, але його фантазія не мала меж (КUМ). Experienced participant develops irrational image in his or her imagination that is supported by nothing. Semantic shift is realized basing on the component "localization of irrational situation" (localizer of irrational situation is presented with deep subconsiousness in contradistinction to localizer of rational situation where "creative imagination" is concentrated in consciousness). The same semantic strategy is outlined for English and German equivalents fantasy and die Fantasie, cf.: eng. 1. Imagination unrestricted by reality (Infants still occupy a world that is part fantasy and magic, and they readily accept the idea of talking animals and talking objects (OED)); 2. An abnormal or bizarre sequence of mental images, as a hallucination (Mick told me he wanted Linda to make love to me. It was his fantasy (BNC)). Semantic shift is realized basing on the component of "localization of irrational situation" (localizer of irrational situation is presented with unreality in contradistinction to localizer of rational situation where the foreground is occupied with reality): cf.: eng. The whole thing does seem unreal. It is so far removed, not only from my normal run of experience, but from anything I have ever done that it seems beyond the realms of reality, a fantasy production, a dream come true (BNC); Most dictionaries would describe it as a' desire or tendency to escape from reality into fantasy, and reality is certainly a key word in this definition (BNC); Often people think of imagination as necessarily fantasy far removed from reality. Yet in fact imagination can be the means by which we can come to understand reality (BNC). In the German language semantic shift of researched unit occurs according to the principle of the same strategy, however, as it was in the English language, the component of the character of irrational lsituation disclosure changes -that is degree of irrational situation disclosure (situation presents some size and intensity of its disclosure), cf.: ger. "1. Fähigkeit, Gedächtnisinhalte zu neuen Vorstellungen zu verknüpfen, sich etwas in Gedanken auszumalen": Musik regt die Fantasie an, beflügelt die Fantasie. 2. Produkt der Fantasie, (nicht der Wirklichkeit entsprechende) Vorstellung (DUDEN): Das ist reine Fantasie; Sie können real existieren, wie der Baum vor meinem Fenster, real existiert haben, wie der Koloß von Rhodos, oder nur in unserer Fantasie existieren, wie das Einhorn; und sie können abstrakt sein, wie der Begriff "Geschwindigkeit" und die Idee "Freiheit"(DWDS).

Implicative strategy
Transformations realized within implicative strategy are based on the relation to different situations or relation of components of the same situation. Mentioned strategy is considered as realization of external metonymy as the shift of predicate occurs into the other contiguous situation. Herewith one situation implicates the other one.

Metaphorical analogy
Metaphorical analogy occurrence is based on speculative, conceptual similarity of both situations. Metaphorical situation is presented as tracing of physical picture where immaterial objects (remarks, looks, internal state) are interpreted as analogies of physical objects that person "moves" (Olkhovska).
The verb осявати is presented as an example of metaphorical strategy realization. From direct nominal meaning "заливати, заповнювати сяйвом, світлом; освітлювати" it is derived secondary irrational meaning "несподівано з'являтися, приходити (про думку, догадку)", cf.: ukr. Всіх разом осяла одна думка: чорному цареві треба до війська гарних хлопців, і ми, посланці того царя, за тим власне й приїхали у село з проклятою коробкою (КUМ). Conceptual similarity between two meanings is based on the similarity of situations where metaphorical situation (всіх разом осяла одна думка) is presented as an analogy of physical situation "заповнювати щось сяйвом". Irrational metaphorical meaning concerns with the analogy that uses basic idea of direct nominal meaning "ставати доступним візуальному спостереженню". In the English language from direct nominal meaning of the verb dawn "(of a day) begin, come into existence" it is derived irrational meaning "become evident to the mind; be perceived or understood": eng. It would eventually dawn on the excited passengers that they weren't on the road to Banna -they would soon find themselves in the bog (OED). The idea taken as a principle of conceptual similarity of two meanings differs in some way from the idea of metaphorical strategy in the Ukrainian language. In the English language the idea of "slow comprehension" is realized (presumption is that dawn does not come rapidly but gradually) whereas the Ukrainian language presents the idea of "rapidness, momentality". From direct nominal meaning of German verb aufhellen "wieder helle machen" it is derived irrational one "figürlich, deutlich werden": ger. Die Motive eines Verbrechens aufhellen (DUDEN). Metaphorical strategy uses conceptual scheme borrowed from rational meaning basing on the analogy "restoration (lighting, bleaching) of something" -the situation obtaines the features of the state of "mental lightning". Semantic shift of verbial units occurs in the direction "actionspecial action" wheres for adjectives semantic shift is characterized with the direction "feature -special feature".

Analysis and conclusions
It is established that semantic derivation of irrational vocabulary is realized within argument, componential, implicative strategies and strategy of metaphorical analogy in the Ukrainian, English and German languages. These strategies develop new meaning in researched lexical units according to a prorotypical model of irrational situation that is presented with two constituents: character of irrational situation disclosure (situation is characterized with the componenets: localization, duration, dependence of occurrence, result, way and degree of disclosure) and character of participants of irrational situation (situation is defined by participants: Experiencer is a subject of irrational state, Stimulus is an object of irrational state and Representant is an incorporative participant according to the feature "form of irrational situation disclosure").
Dynamics of semantic paradigm development of researched lexical class reveals the expanding of direct concept of prototypical irrational situation mainly under the condition of realization of implicative, componential strategies and strategy of metaphorical analogy whereas meanings created with argument strategy are represented least efficiently among the units of irrational vocabulary. The author provides the opnion that this is caused with the factor of priority of realization interconceptual (intersituational) relations in semantics of irrational vocabulary of contrasted languages.
The prospects of the following research dealing with semantic derivation strategies of irrational naming units concern with comparatively-historical and typological aspects.