LANGUAGE, CULTURE, COMMUNICATION FLORONYM МАК / POPPY IN THE NATIONAL WORLD CONCEPTION OF UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH SPEAKERS

The article is an attempt to study the semantics of floronyms мак / poppy in the Ukrainian and English languages. It focuses on the study of the inner form of idioms and paroemias that have the analysed component-flower as a part of their structure. Universal characteristics of the semantics of the given floronyms have been researched. Specific national features of the semantics of the analysed floronyms are singled out for both languages under research. The concepts that are phraseologically actualized in the Ukrainian and English languages due to the semantic components of floronyms мак / poppy have been deduced. Metaphoric meanings of the floronyms under analysis that serve as constituents in idiomatic units and paroemias of the contrasted languages have been scrutinized. Cultural significance of the flowers poppy / мак has been revealed for both linguocultures. Symbolical meanings of the analysed floronyms have been examined in the Ukrainian and English linguocultures.


Introduction
On the contemporary stage of analysing phraseological units (PhUs) the research aimed at revealing manifestations of anthropocentrism becomes of great value. Anthropocentrism is viewed as a specific feature of the lingual world view. The issue of the common consciousness reflection, the view of the world and mentality of people, national-cultural components as well as universal values encoded in the semantics of the units belonging to lexical and phraseological lingual strata are widely discussed in linguistics. Dictionary register units, their system relationships, connections with extra-lingual actuality become the chief material of research.
The meaning of a phraseologism as a compound, integral nomination is created by means of a metaphoric or metonymic reinterpretation of the constituent word-components. This ensures the figurative and expressive character of the unit's semantics at the same time it reflects the generalized denotation of a certain phenomenon in reality (Soshko, 2012: 389).
The analysis of the semantics of the floronyms мак / poppy in the English and Ukrainian languages is a part of the research of the floronyms' semantics on the basis of idioms and paroemias. The attempt to analyse the semantics of floral names in not closely-related languages is to give an opportunity to reveal common and divergent components of the floronyms' meaning as well as make certain conclusions as to the lingual objectivation of different aspects of the common consciousness of the Ukrainian and English speakers.

Phraseological verbalization of the floronym мак
Applying to dictionaries of symbols, the following meaning of the poppy flower has been found: "it is a symbol of Great Mother, Mother-Virgin, and night. Poppy is dedicated to all lunar and nocturnal deities, it symbolizes fertility, oblivion, idleness. In Greek and Roman traditions poppy denoted the period of sleep and death of the floral life, it was the emblem of Demeter (Ceres), Persephone, Venus, Hypnos, Morpheus, and in China poppy symbolized retirement, recreation, beauty, success; though, being the source of opium it serves as a symbol of dissipation and evil. In Christianity the flower of poppy is associated with sleep, ignorance, indifference. The blood-red poppy embodies Christ's suffering and the sleep of death" (Cooper, 1995:195). "From olden times the poppy flower occupied its place in Ukrainian amulets as it is believed to own the magical power and ability to protect against the evil. The same power has an embroidered image of the poppy on a shirt; it is a female symbol of purity, virginity, maiden beauty" (Kotsur, 2015:116).
A perspective instrument for the interpretation of the interaction between a language and culture is considered to be a psycholinguistic experiment, which can be opportunely named a linguoculturological one, as with its help it is possible to identify linguoculturological information encoded in association fields, determine relevant features of the mentality of a certain linguosociety, ascertain changes in the lingual consciousness of its representatives etc. That is why (free) associative experiment is regarded to be an efficient method, on the ground of which it is possible to reveal the accumulated associations of the speakers as a result of their previous experience (Mizin, 2009:123). "Dictionary of Associative Adjectives of Nouns in Ukrainian" created by N. Butenko reflects the result of the psycholinguistic experiment conducted among the students in Lviv at the beginning of the 80s. So, the associative unit мак (poppy) in this dictionary is attributed according to such characteristics: colour (червоний 200 reactions-attributes out of 582 total, багряний 8, рожевий 4), being in bloom (зів'ялий 21, розквітлий 19, нерозквітлий 3, сухий 6, висушений 4, зірваний 4, вирощений 3, молодий 3, відцвілий 2, опалий 1, рясний 1), the character of the plant (польовий 65, дикий 17, городній 9, декоративний 7, степовий 2), size (високий 8), smell (п'янкий 2, терпкий 2) (Butenko, 1989:153). The rest of the attributes are not taken into consideration, as they describe poppy seeds.
The floronym under research can be considered a standard of the red colour.
In the Soviet period there existed paroemias Наша країна, як мак, цвіте -зі славою завжди іде (Myshanych, 1984:371) and Колись на селі були пісні сумні, а тепер на радянській землі цвітуть, як мак навесні (Myshanych, 1984:389). They were aimed at glorifying the period of that time as well as serving as a part of ideology. The floronym under research could be associated with flourishing and glory of the country and jolly songs. At the same time the semantic component of the floronym мак served a basis for the phraseological objectivation of the binary opposition "jolly -sad."
When someone is smiling foolishly, people say: Посміхається як Марина в маці (Yurchenko, 1993:88). The case of a figurative synecdochic depiction is traced here, i.e. a proper name is used in place of a common one, a part instead of the whole. The boundaries of the proper name are diluted, reconsidered and it approximates to a common noun within the given phraseologism (Uzhchenko, 1988:22-23). The symbolism of the floronym мак is neutralized in the designated phraseological sample.
The idea that a human life is a valuable thing and it should not be disregarded is actualized in the proverb Головка не маківка, втреш тай не приставиш (Franko, V1, 2006:568). The analysed floronym is used in a direct meaning. PhU по маківку (Bilonozhenko, and others 1993:461) means that a person is busy to a great degree with something, engaged in or has a lot of things to attend to, troubled, preoccupied etc. The floronym маківка is associated with a head in the Ukrainian linguoculture.
The saying Щоб твоя могила диким маком поросла! (Paziak, 1991:336); Щоб твоя могила диким маком заросла! (May your grave cover in wild poppies -A.Ch.) (Bahmut, 1963:735) was used as an evil wish, curse, and spell in the Ukrainian naive world view. The concept oblivion is verbalized in this saying, and the floronym дикий мак is associated with death. "Poppy is a symbol of the infinity of the starlit world; the Sun, the Aurora; sleep and death; fertility, appeasing; a transient life; a beautiful girl; innocent blood that was shed (in Christianity); a safety amulet against the evil" (Kotsur, 2015:475).

Symbolical meaning of the floronym poppy / мак
The situation is by far different with English phraseologisms, as they represent the cultures of different, territorially remote folks that are amalgamated due to the language. Under these circumstances, lexical and grammatical transformations that reflect the lingual specificity of a certain variant of the English language are inevitable as well as historical and cultural peculiarities of the folk that uses a certain part of PhUs (Kotsiuba, 2006:48-49). The English idiom, which originated in Australia, tall poppy AustrE (Longman, 2003(Longman, :1377 denotes a prosperous or famous man of influence who demonstrates the power by his behaviour. A colloquial pejorative expression that reflects ressentiment (Apresyan, 2001:27) tall poppy syndrome (Collins) verbalizes a tendency of humiliating any person who achieved a prominent position or wealth or, vice versa, a tendency to downplay one's own achievements or talent in order to avoid the resentment and mockery of others. This expression probably originates from the times of the Roman tyrant Tarquin's decapitation of the tallest poppies in his garden, to indicate the fate of the most prominent citizens of Gabii (Collins). Thus, the floronym poppy contains a seme "an influential person" in the English language. The paroemia Маком уродилося, а пічніє як біб (Franko, V2, 2006:500) deals with the non-conformity of the form and content, and the analysed floronym has the connotation "a simple man". The analysed floronym can have the seme "pride" in both languages.
A cultural-historic realia Poppy Day (Longman, 2003(Longman, :1039 functions in the English-speaking linguo-culture. In the British common consciousness poppy symbolizes the soldiers who perished in two World Wars, especially during World War I, since these flowers grew in the fields of France where a great number of soldiers remained on the battlefield. People buy artificial red poppy flowers and wear them on their coats on Remembrance Day (Sunday, the closest to November 11, the anniversary of the armistice of 1918 that ended World War I) to show respect for all the people who died.
One more instance of a cultural realia is -Flanders poppy (an artificial red poppy which is warn on Poppy Day; it is used as an emblem of the Allied soldiers who fell in the First World War), the appearance of which was caused by the Canadian military doctor, lieutenant John McCrae's verse "In Flanders fields the poppies blow" (British Legion), which was appreciated by an American activist, Moina Michael (nowadays known as the Poppy Lady). She popularized and promoted a silk poppy flower as the national remembrance emblem (BBC). Today this symbol is spread throughout Western Europe, North America and Australia.
A poppy flower is also the emblem of the Royal British Legion, an organization that protects the interests of all who served and are serving in the British Army. An annual charitable action, Poppy Appeal (British Legion), is held under the aegis of this organization, when war veterans distribute red paper poppies in exchange for a symbolic sum of money. The money raised is given as help to the people who suffered during wars (Shestakov, 2013:148).
In Ukraine beginning from 2014 people also mark the day of Remembrance and Reconciliation on May 8, and червоний мак is used as the symbol in memory of the victims of all military and civil armed conflicts. "The graphic embodiment-allusion of a red poppy on the one hand, and a bloody stain of bullet on the other, renders the depth of the sense of war, tells about suffering, death, heroism, about the millions of perished people, that is the essence of war" (UINP).
According to the observation made by S. Yermolenko, the blooming of poppy, made initially by O. Potebnia, is a symbol of love. Beside this, metaphoric expressions мак зацвітає, мак розпускається are distinguished by the poetic content, that can be used to denote the dawn (Yermolenko).
The complicated issue of a poppy flower symbolism is revealed in the story written by O. Kobylians`ka "В неділю рано зілля копала…". Червоні маки / Red poppies play a significant role in this story, filled with the fragrance of the Ukrainian Carpathian folklore, symbolizing unfortunate love (Zorivchak, 1989:81). In the English-speaking world the floronym poppy does not contain such a symbolical meaning.
In the American linguoculture there is a whole system of state floral symbols. Golden Poppy (StateSymbols), the same as California poppy (StateSymbols), is a flower-symbol of State California. Floral emblems are not inherent in the Ukrainian language for the denotation of territorial-administrative communities.
Poppy family (Collins) is a botanical term which is used to denote plant species referring to L. Family Papaveraceae. The meronym poppy-head (Balla, 1996:144) means the seed capsule of a poppy plant. The Ukrainians have made an observation about wild field poppy, which has found its reflection in the proverb: Мак зьиркач, має дьирки в головці (Franko, V2, 2006:500), the floronym is used in a direct meaning.
An architectural term poppy(-)head (Balla, 1996:144) is used to designate a fleuron, a widely-spread flower-shaped ornament or motif in Gothic architecture, used especially on buildings, coins, and books (Fr. fleuron from Fr. fleur − flower), which is mostly of a cross-like shape that has a definite symbolical meaning.
In the Ukrainian language there is a great number of phraseologisms with the component мак in the meaning of "the seeds of this plant". We do not take this stratum of PhUs into account, as the object of our research constitute floronyms solely.

Conclusions
In both languages the floronym under analysis has a range of derivatives: colour names, meronyms. A ramified system of botanical and architectural terms with floronyms мак / poppy is inherent in the Ukrainian as well as English languages. The seme "beauty" is a dominant of the semantics of the floronyms мак / poppy, that can also have the seme "pride" in both languages. The floronyms under research can serve as a standard of red colour in the analysed languages. The attributes червоний / red are used in the structure of comparative PhUs in combination with the analysed floronyms, which have the semes "blush", "shame". The red poppy flower is the emblem of Remembrance Day and serves as the symbol of memory for victims of all armed conflicts in both linguocultures. There exists a range of juridical terms that give the floronyms мак / poppy a pejorative colouring on account of associations with opiomania in English as well as in the Ukrainian language.
The following phraseologically verbalized denotative components of the floronym мак semantics, such as: blooming, flourishing are characteristic of the Ukrainian language solely. Such connotative components of meaning as health, strength, beauty, life, death are inherent in the floronym semantics in Ukrainian. The poppy flower embodies beauty and youth of the Ukrainian womankind, it is also associated with good-looking children, youngsters, men, host, country's glory, jolly songs and can even denote a simple man. The semes "plurality," "beauty of life / world," "short age of beauty," "transience of youth / blooming / life" and a locative characteristic are intrinsic of the floronym мак in the Ukrainian language; more than that, the constituents of its semantics can serve as a basis for the phraseological objectivation of the oppositions "life -death," "jolly -sad". The concepts untimeliness, inopportunity, inconsistency, difficult situation, defeat / failure, misfortune, death / oblivion have undergone the phraseological actualization with a help of semantic components of the analysed floronym. The poppy flower served as a charm against evil spirits. A poppy in full bloom is a symbol of love, unfortunate love and a metaphor for denoting the dawn in the Ukrainian culture. A derivated variant from the floronym, маківка, also has the semes: "beauty (semantic dominant)," "flourishing, blooming, youth," "blush, shame," "value of life", the connotation of singularity and multitude as well as the association with a pretty girl, nice children, a mother and a head. Although, in the Ukrainian language the floronym маківка has a range of pejorative connotations and is a notional component of the concepts inexperience, mental insufficiency, vanity, untimeliness, inopportunity, exaggeration, difficult situation, defeat / failure. The semantic components of the floronym маківка can be a basis for the phraseological objectivation of the binary oppositions "wit -stupidity," "beauty -ugliness" as well as the gradual cause and effect connection "beauty → pride → vanity → stupidity».
For the English-speakers the floronym poppy can denote a powerful person and be associated with a tendency of ressentiment concerning prominent people, who have achievements in life. A range of cultural-historical realia with the analysed floronym occurs in the English language. The poppy flower symbolizes the perished soldiers, is the emblem of organization that protects the rights of the British veterans, and initiates fund-rising for the victims who suffered during wars. In American linguoculture Golden Poppy is a floral symbol of State California.