SIMILAR AND DIFFERENT GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF THE VERB IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES (BASED ON ENGLISH AND AZERBAIJANI MATERIALS)

Summary The grammatical and lexical peculiarities of the English verbs are the subject of the numerous scientific theoretical, practical, historical works touch upon the grammatical structure of the English language. However, in modern science the existed divergence of the opinions due to this problem, and also an assemblage of the new facts, new approaches and new methods of analysis predetermine a constant necessity and possibility of the further investigations, and that defines the actuality of our scientific research. A study of the structural-semantic features of the verbs, a formulization of the peculiarities of its using depending from its semantic meaning, an emphasizing of transformation, which are done during the translation of the analyzed verbs are the aims of our investigation


Introduction
In modern English, verbs are also classified according to their relationship to the object. From this point of view, as in Azerbaijani, verbs in English are divided into two groups: verbs that require an object (indirect object) after them, and verbs that do not require an object (indirect object) after them. Verbs included in the first group are called transitive verbs. Examples of this are the verbs "to send, to show, to bring, to see" and so on. After such verbs, as a rule, the passive perfect is used, for example: "I sent a letter to him. She showed her picture to me. The postman brought the parcel yesterday. The children saw many interesting things in the museum". Active verbs in the Azerbaijani language are always used in the active form of the self-noun and "whom?, what?" requires an independent object (indirect object) that answers one of the questions, for example: "see, know, say, hear, wrote, knew, saw, said, let them hear" require an object that is an answer to one of the above questions, and the work performed by the subject it shows that it passes over the object and affects it. The main characteristic of effective verbs in English is that they are used alone and become lexically common, as if complete. An object is definitely required to complete the meaning of these verbs, for example: "What are you writing?" used in the sentence "I am writing". The word "to write" is an active verb. The verbs included in the second group, that is, that do not require an object after themselves, are called intransitive verbs. Examples of these verbs are "to look, to sleep, to laugh, to swim" and so on. The main thing characteristic of passive verbs and distinguishing them from active verbs is that these verbs can be used independently in a sentence without the need for any object, for example: "We laughed all together. The child was sleeping soundly when I entered the room". In passive verbs in the Azerbaijani language, such an influence relationship between the subject and the object does not occur, because the work performed by the subject (verb) does not require any object, for example: "come, go, work, sit, I arrived".

Discussion
In modern English, these words can be used as both active and passive verbs. For example, "to begin, to see, to hear, to read, to stop, to move" etc. verbs can be shown, for example: after the verb "to begin" in one case, the unmediated completeness can be used. Example: "I begin another book", otherwise it is not processed. Example: "After a heavy thunderstorm the rain began". In the first case, the verb "to begin" is effective, and in the second case, it is ineffective. In Modern English, verbs in the personal form have the following grammatical categories: person-quantity category, aspect category, tense category, mood category, voice category. The person-quantity category is the least developed category of the verb in English. There is almost no independent grammatical (morphological) tool to express this category of the verb. However, in the indefinite form of the present tense, a single suffix "-s / -es" is used that can indicate person and quantity in the third person singular. It should be noted that the person-quantity category of the verb in English is a syntactic-morphological category, and its main means of expression are personal pronouns. The aspect category is one of the grammatical categories of the verb, and it indicates the nature and style of the action. In English, there is no separate means of expression for the voice category of the verb. This issue has become an object of debate among different linguists. So, among the well-known Russian linguists: B.A. Ilyish, A.I. Smirnitsky, M.A. Ganshina, N.M. Vasilevskaya, B.S. Khaymovich, B.I. Rogovskaya believe that there are two forms of the verb in modern English: Common Aspect and Continuous Aspect. (Ilyish 1971:86;Jarceva, 1960:116;Ganshina, 1964:138;Kaushanskaja, Kovner & Kozhevnikova, 1973:134). I.P. Ivanova believes that the verb in modern English does not have a separate aspect category, but the time-aspect category works together in this language (Ivanova, Burlakova & Pocepcov, 1981:51). During the research, it became clear that there are four aspects of the verb in modern English: Common aspect, Continuous aspect, Perfect aspect, Perfect Continuous aspect. The tense category indicates the time relation of the action expressed by the verb. English, like other languages, has three tenses: past, present, and future. The mood category of the verb indicates the relation of the performed action to the subject and the object. There are two voices of verbs in modern English: Active voice and Passive voice. Some linguists, for example, L.P. Vinokurova, V.N. Zhigadlo, I.P. Ivanova, L.L. Iofik, believe that in addition to the above-mentioned forms of the verb, there is also a reflexive type of the verb in modern English. According to them, the reflexive type of the verb in English -active voice is expressed by reflexive pronouns added to the verb, for example: "shave himself, wash herself, busy oneself, cut themselves" (Zhigadlo, Iofik & Ivanova,1956:121). According to L.P. Vinokurova, in this case reflexive pronouns lose their lexical meaning and have only an auxiliary function. B.A. Ilyish talks about two more types of verbs in modern English -reciprocal type and middle type (Ilyish, 1971:123-125 (Khaimovich & Rogovskaya 1967:128-129). M. Y. Blokh writes about this: "The type category occupies a special place in the category system of the verb because it reflects the control of the process in relation to the participants and expresses the syntactic construction. The passive form of the syntactic construction expresses the acceptance of the action by the subject, and its weak opposite form -the true form -has the meaning of "nonpassivity". Compared to the Russian language, English has a broad understanding of the type category of direct and indirect verbs in the passive voice type. Another feature of the type category of the English language is that the forms of the active voice type express the meaning of the passive voice type in many cases" (Blokh 1983:170). As I.P. Ivanova noted: "The terms "active" and "passive voice" are used in English grammar. W. James writes in Talks to Teachers that one of his relatives was trying to explain the meaning of the passive voice to a little girl: "Imagine that you are killing me, you are the person who is killing me in the active voice, and I am the person who is in the passive voice. I'm kind." "How can you talk if you're dead?"the girl asked. "You can imagine that I was not really killed." In the morning, the girl was asked in class about the passive voice type, and she replied: "It's the type where you're talking to him, and he's not quite dead." This anecdote testifies to the serious mistakes made in the study of grammar and the imperfection of the traditional term "voice" (William James, Talks to Teachers) (William,1925:78). In English, type can be defined more precisely as a category that expresses the nature of the continuation of the action to the point of speech indicated by the form. Therefore, in order to show the inseparable, strong connection of type and time, the forms of the type are named as type-time forms (William 1925:52). V. L. Kaushanskaya notes: "The verb form is a grammatical category that expresses the attitude of the speaking person to the action, expressed by the verb in terms of reality" (Kaushanskaja, Kovner, Kozhevnikova, 1973:134). According to Otto Yespersen: "Most grammarians call the verb forms in English and other languages as follows: indicative, subjunctive, imperative mood of verb, infinitive and Participle I. In some cases they are called "fact-mood", "thought-mood" and "will-mood" as they present. And Henry Sweet says: "However, they do not express the relationship between "subject and verb"" (Sweet, 1930:21).
It would be more correct to say that they express a certain attitude of the speaking person towards the content of the sentence "attitudes of the mind". Although in some cases the choice of verb form is determined not by the attitude of the speaker, but by the character of the Clause sentence and its relationship to the main nexus (relation). Next, it is important to remember that we speak of a "predicate form" only if the speaker's attitude is expressed through a verb form. Accordingly, predicate form is a syntactic, not a conceptual category. Verb form is a category of meaning, not form. The verb form expresses the fact. Subjunctive mood is sometimes used to express imaginary, unreal issues, but there are cases where reality is expressed. The real state of things here is probably as follows: the original subjunctive mood is rendered indefinite in various cases. At this time, it cannot be demarcated from the Verb form in either a logical or an understanding relationship. Later, it had a special fate in each language, in some languages the scope of its processing was limited, and in others, especially in subordinate clauses, it expanded on the contrary. Otto Yespersen wrote about it. Barhudarov, Shteling, 1973:283-288). In the book "The Structure of Modern English", B.A. Ilyish carefully and very cautiously analyzes the issue of the subjunctive mood form of the verb: "The unusual disagreement of various authors indicates that the interpretation and systematization of the subjunctive mood form of the verb causes real difficulties. The reasons for this difficulty consist of two factors: 1) the same forms express different meanings; 2) the same meaning is expressed in different forms. It is this fact, that is, the crossing of form and semantics, that leads to the subjectivism of their interpretation. When addressing the issue of choosing between identity of form and difference of meaning, B.A. Ilyish conducts the analysis of the verb form category in two plans -meaning and means of expression. By including the meaning of desire, he discovers four basic meanings: desire, possibility, unreal condition, and result of an unreal condition. Thus, starting from the meaning, three or four forms of the verb can be detected. If we proceed from the means of expression, six verb forms are obtained by including the imperative" (Sweet,1930 :88-90).
A.I. Smirnitsky distinguishes: a) verb form I, including statements that do not contradict reality; b) on the contrary, including statements that contradict reality, verb form II; c) presumptive news form, including statements resulting from the combination of the infinitive and the verb "should" and any Subject; d) conditional news form, including analytical forms with the verbs "should" and "would" used in the head of the conditional branch sentence (Smirnickij,1959:223). L.S. Barkhudarov denies the existence of the news form of the verb in English on the following grounds: since the second component of the forms with the verbs "Should" and "would" is the infinitive, he does not consider these forms analytical, saying that the infinitive can also be in free constructions. L.S. Barkhudarov considers the forms "if I knew, if I had known" correct as past and past perfect forms in a special syntactic context (Barhudarov, Shteling, 1973:67).
In the modern Azerbaijani language, there is no sign of the active voice type of the verb. These verbs indicate that the subject's attitude towards the predicate is active, regardless of whether the subject (doer) participates in the sentence as an independent word, that is, it appears with the active participation of the subject in the execution of the work, or it can appear at any time. For example: in the sentence "He heard yesterday's event", the verb "heard" is considered active voice, if the subject is not present. In English, the predicate in the active voice type means that the subject actively participates in the performance of the work. The subject acts in the subject function of the sentence. Active or passive voice of the verb used in the sentence is revealed only through the opposition, that is, through the form of the passive voice of that verb: wrote -was written. Indefinite verbs indicate the passive participation of the subject in the execution of the work, that is, it is not known by whom the work is performed. As in modern Azerbaijani, in English, the passive form of the verb means that the action is performed on the subject, for example: "knew -known; I am called. Am I called? I am not called". In modern English, the tenses of the verb form in the active voice type are divided into four groups: indefinite tenses, continuous tenses, perfect tenses, continuous perfect tenses. The image category of the verb indicates the relation of the action to the truth, it shows that the action is true, desire, request, condition, advice, request, etc. Modern English has three forms of the verb: predicate, imperative, and indirect. Due to the participation of person and tense suffixes, the predicate form is included in the second group of verbs, that is, no special image signs are involved in this form of the verb.
Tense and personal suffixes play a key role here. Since the predicate form of the verb means to tell someone else in which tense and by which person a thing is being done or will be done, only the tense and the person need to be determined. This can be expressed through separate tense and person suffixes. Therefore, only tense and person suffixes are involved in the predicate form of the verb. The tense suffixes of the predicate form of the verb are as follows: in the simple past tense -"-ды, -ди, -ду, -ду", "-мыш, -мыш, -муш, -муш; -ıb, -ib, -ub, -üb", in the present tense -"-ır, -ir, -ur, -ür", in the definite future tense -"will, -ık", in the indefinite future tense -"-ar , -husband". In the predicate form, only the first and second person suffixes are used, and no special suffix is used for the third person. In this respect, the predicate form differs from the imperative form. Personal suffixes used in the form of prediacate also differ according to time. In this respect, personal suffixes used in predicate form can be divided into three parts: personal suffixes used in simple past tense, personal suffixes used in definite and indefinite future tense. In the modern Azerbaijani language, the predicate form of the verb is divided into two parts, simple and complex, both in terms of content and form. The simple predicate form is built on the pattern of the tense suffix and the person suffix of the verb. So, when a tense suffix is added to the verb and a person suffix is added to it, a simple predicate form is formed. The complex predicate form is formed by means of the prepositions "-idi, -imiş, -ise", i.e. after the tense suffixes added to the verb, the compound form of the predicate is formed by adding one of the prepositions "-idi, -imiş, -ise" before the personal suffix. As the verb expresses work, state and action, it also shows different grammatical relations between the words in the sentence by accepting the signs of forms of its own categories. One of the grammatical categories of the verb has its own form and meaning. However, the grammatical categories of the verb are organically related to each other. In the Azerbaijani language, as well as in other languages included in the Turkish group, the types of verbs express the relationship between the work, state and action with the subject. The aspects of the verb indicate the completion, continuity, repetition, development, complete execution, transformation of the action, etc. In the languages included in the Turkic group, including the Azerbaijani language, each of the verbs cannot be included in one or another type by itself. The picture category of the verb shows the attitude of the speaker towards the work, situation and action in terms of whether the work, situation and action are real or not. The tense and voice categories of the verb differ in meaning from the aspects, and are also selected according to the way of expression. The aspects of the verb are mainly expressed analytically. Tense and voice forms are modifiers, and aspects are modifiers. Auxiliary verbs expressing aspect meanings are not capable of being used with all the main verbs in our language. Therefore, in aspect combinations, there is one of the characteristics of word-correcting forms, such as not being able to cover all the words in that part of speech, for example: "go, fade, die, stupid, stretch, rise" and when combined with other verbs, "fade away, die, it forms aspect combinations such as "to flow, to stretch, to rise". While it can show the development of work, situation and action, it cannot form aspect constructions when used with verbs like "eat, sleep, write, read" and so on. The predicate form of the verb means that, as in modern Azerbaijani, in modern English, the action performed, the existing state, is a real fact, the truth. For example: "John Galsworthy wrote a lot of novels. Jack London was born in 1876". The predicate form of the verb is also used to express conditions that are possible to perform. For example: "If it snows, they will not go on an excursion" (Ch. Dickens). "Body, dear, you don't mind if I sit on Joe's knee, do you?" (J. London).
There are four indefinite tense forms of the predicate form of the verb in modern English: the present indefinite form, the past indefinite form, the future indefinite form, and the past tense future indefinite form. The main characteristic of the indefinite tense forms of the predicate form of the verb is that they do not indicate any other characteristics of the action, its continuation or completion. It indicates that the action happened in the present or past time, as well as in the future or will happen in the future based on the past. Verbs in English are divided into groups of finite form and infinite form of verbs depending on their grammatical categories and syntactic functions. Finite forms of the Verbs are only in the predicate position in the sentence, they agree with the subject according to person and quantity: I am a teacher. They are students. Finite forms of the Verbs have person, number, tense, voice, aspect, mood categories. Some of these categories are formed synthetically (both by means of suffixes and by the change of voiced or voiceless): "I want, he wants, I made"; and some of them are formed analytically (by means of auxiliary words): "I have read, I shall read". The non-finite form of verbs in English includes the Infinitive, the Participle, and the Gerund. Non-finite form of verbs have the signs of verb and noun (infinitive and gerund) or verb and adjective (participle I). For example, modern Azerbaijani language has three non-finite forms of the verb: infinitive, participle I and participle II. However, although the non-finite forms of the verb in both languages are the same in number, they are different in content. Unlike English, Azerbaijani does not have a verb form called gerund. In English, the verb form called participle II, which is widespread in our language, does not exist (Vəliyeva, 2008:203). In general, the non-finite forms of the verb are part of the verb system of the English language. To understand the non-finite form of verbs, first of all, we need to compare them with the finite form of verbs and analyze them by revealing the similarities and differences between them. Since the infinitive and the gerund have a lot in common, we will take them together in comparison with the finite form of verbs, and we will compare the participle I separately. According to the corresponding verb, the infinitive and gerund have the same lexical meaning as the finite form of verbs. However, non-finite form of verbs differ from finite form of verbs in several grammatical features: 1. The categories of person and quantity characteristic of finite verbs are not suitable for infinitives and gerunds.
2. The form of the verb is characteristic only for personal verbs. However, it should be noted that although the infinitive has no form and cannot express any real or unreal action, it expresses a certain modality due to some of its functions: necessity, possibility and purpose: a) necessity, for example: "I have got something terrible to tell you". b) possibility, for example: "I had nobody to talk to". c) goal, for example: "I'm going upstairs to pack my things". When the perfect infinitive is used with some modal verb combinations, it sometimes shows that the action did not happen in the past, for example: "They should have told him about it".
3. Like finite form of verbs, impersonalnon-finite form verbs also have known and unknown types, for example: "to take -to be taken, taking 0 being taken". Like finite form of verbs, the infinitive and gerund can change according to tense, for example: "to take -to have taken; taking -having taken". 4. In terms of tense category, infinitive and gerund are quite different from finite form of verbs. Non-finite form of verbs usually express the absolute tense, that is, they express in full that the action belongs precisely to the past, future or present time. However, non-finite form of verbs express the tense of the action in a relative form, that is, according to the message of the sentence. The action expressed by non-finite form of verbs is usually used at the same time as the verb of the sentence, or it is used both before and after the verb.
In general, it is the non-finite form of verb that are widely used in English. Analytical types of the gerund are generally underused. Different analytical types of the infinitive are usually used in some meanings of modal verbs, for example: "He must be happy now. He must have been waiting for you". Analytic types of the infinitive are also used after several special verbs, for example: "to seem, to appear, to happen" and so on. But even in these cases, the simple infinitive is more required. The continuous form of the infinitive is usually used to emphasize the progress of the process and at the same time to make the event more expressive, for example: "It was pleasant to be driving the car again". The continuous form of the infinitive is usually used after special modal verbs and verbs, for example: "to seem, to appear, to happen". It usually shows that the action started before the specified time and is still going on, for example: "They seemed to have been getting on a bit better". Infinitives and gerunds differ from personal verbs in terms of the subject of the action they express. Like the finite form of the verb, the non-finite form of the verb also agrees with the subjunctive, but the way non-finite form of verbs agree with the subjunctive is quite different from the personal verbs. Sometimes the subject of non-finite form of verbs is often expressed through secondary members, for example: "Seeing you there by the door, made me remember what I had to do". According to their meaning and function, infinitive and gerund are divided into two groups as finite form of verbs: 1) they can be the main verb of the sentence, for example: "It amused him to tease the girl"; 2) as a structural word, for example: "He is said to be a good chap". Finite form of verbs also differ from non-finite form of verbs according to their function in the sentence. Finite form of verbs, as we know, perform the predicate function in the sentence. Non-finite form of verbs can participate in different functions: subject, object, definition and adverb. The negatives "not" and "never" are usually used after or in the middle of different analytical forms of complex predicate in finite form of verbs, for example: "He was not here". However, in non-finite form of verbs, the negatives "not" and "never" are used at the beginning even in analytical forms, for example: "I had learned a long time ago not to show what I felt". Participle I is quite different from the finite form of verbs such as infinitive and gerund, despite having many features belonging to the corresponding verb. Participle I is very close to the lexical properties of the verb. Participle I, being the main type of transitive verbs, expresses uncertainty, for example: "It was a question put down by one of the correspondents". Participle I agrees with the subject like the finite form of verbs. However, there are relatively few ways to express the subject in the infinitive and gerund. The subject of Participle I can be a person or thing expressed by the subject or completeness of the sentence, for example: "He heard his name called". Participle I, like the finite form of verbs, is expressed by means of secondary members of the sentence, usually the verb comes after the adjective, indicating place, tense, direction of action, for example: "She told me of the parcel delivered in the morning".