MAORI LOANS IN NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH FROM A LANGUAGE ECOLOGY PERSPECTIVE
Keywords:
loan/borrowing, New Zealand variety of English, Maori language, communicative complementarity, ecology of language
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine Maori borrowings in New Zealand English through the lens of language ecology. It is argued that Maori loans in English are not simply historical substratum traces of contacts between indigenous and transported cultures, but significant markers of bicultural society in contemporary New Zealand. The findings demonstrated a substantial amount of the Maori loans in New Zealand English, a high degree of their assimilation and involvement into word-formation processes, ability to combine with various derivational morphemes to produce etymologically hybrid structures, active semantic adaptation and functional relevance for institutional and non-institutional communication settings. The abovementioned facts provide evidence to suggest that the substratum elements appeared to be highly competitive in the multicultural setting created by the invasion of the English-speaking culture in New Zealand. Among the positive effects of such competition was that indigenous cultural markers were able to occupy a broad niche in the genetically diverse New Zealand community, thereby realizing communicative complementarity between two cultures in contact.
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35. Bradsley, D. (2011). The New Zealand Oxford Junior Dictionary. Oxford, Sydney: Oxford Uni¬versity Press Australia & New Zealand.
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2. Oakes, L., Peled, Y. (2018). Normative Language Policy: Ethics, Politics, Principles. Cam¬bridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Molek-Kozkowska, K., Pogorzelska, S. (2017). Changing Perceptions of Multiculturalismin the British Public Sphere. In Multiculturalism, Multilingualism and the Self: Studies in Lin¬guistics and Language Learning (pp. 3-18). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 319-56892-8
4. Holmes, P., Dervin, F. (Eds.). (2016). The Cultural and Intercultural Dimensions of English as a Lingua Franca. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
5. Cunnins, J., Danesi, M. (1990). Heritage Languages: The Development and Denial of Cana¬da’s Linguistic Resources. Toronto: Our Schools/Our Selves Foundation.
6. Ricento, Th. (Ed.). (2000). Ideology, Politics, and Language Policies: Focus on English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
7. Mair, Ch. (Ed.). (2003). The Politics of English as a World Language: New Horizons in Post-colonial Cultural Studies. New York: Rodopi.
8. McCormik K. (2004). Code-switching, mixing and convergence in Cape Town. In R. Mesthdie (Ed.). Language in South Africa (pp. 216-234). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Kendall, A., et al. (Eds.). (2008). Sustaining Linguistic Diversity: Endangered and Minority Languages and Language Varieties. Washington D. C.: Georgetown University Press.
10. Chandra, B., Mahajan, S. (Eds.). (2007). Composite Culture in a Multicultural Society. Delhi: Pearsons Education.
11. Leitner G. (1992). English as a pluricentric language. In Clyne M.G. (Ed.). Pluricentric Lan¬guages: Differing Norms in Different Nations (pp. 179-238). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
12. Starks D., Harlow R., Bell A. (2005). Who speaks what language in New Zealand. In Bell, A., Harlow, R., & Starks, D. (Eds.). Languages of New Zealand (pp. 13-29). Wellington: Victoria University Press.
13. Fozdar, F., & Perkins, M. (2014). Antipodean Mixed Race: Australia and New Zealand. In King-O’Riain, R. Ch., Small, S., Mahtani, M. (Eds.). Global Mixed Race (pp. 119-143). New York, London: New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814770733.003.0006
14. Grenoble L. A., & Whaley J. (2005). Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revital-ization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Herriman, M. L., & Burnaby, B. (Eds.). (1996). Language Policies in English-dominant Coun¬tries: Six Case Studies. Clevedon, Philadelphia, Adelaida: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
16. Hay, J. (2008). New Zealand English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
17. Holmes, J. (1997). Maori and Pakeha English: Some New Zealand Social Dialect Data. Lan¬guage in Society, 26, 65-101.
18. Onysko, A., Calude, A. (2013). Comparing the usage of Māori loans in spoken and written New Zealand English: A case study of Māori, Pākeha, and Kiwi. In E. Zenner, E., & Kristian¬sen, G. (Eds.). New Perspectives on lexical borrowing: Onomasiological, methodological, and phraseological innovations (pp. 143-170). Berlin, New York: De Gruyter.
19. Trye, D., Calude, A. S., Bravo-Marquez, F., & Keegan, T. (2020). Hybrid Hashtags: #You-KnowYoureAKiwiWhen Your Tweet Contains Māori and English. Frontiers in Artificial Intelli¬gence and Applications, 3, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2020.00015
20. Calude, A. S., Steven, M., & Pagel, M. (2017). Modelling loanword success – A sociolinguistic quantitative study of Māori loanwords in New Zealand English. Corpus Linguistics and Lin¬guistic Theory, 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2017-0010
21. Hayward, J. H., & Shaw, R. (2016). Historical Dictionary of New Zealand. New York, etc.: Rowman & Littlefield.
22. Orsman, H. W. (Ed.). (1997). The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Auckland: Oxford Uni¬versity Press.
23. Beaglehole J. C. (Ed.). (1962). The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks 1768–1771, 2 vols. Vol. 2. Sydney: Public Library of New South Wales, 1962. URL: http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/ scholarly/tei-Bea02Bank-t1-body-d5-d2.html
24. Lotz, A. (2012). Norse influence on English in the light of general contact linguistics. Hegedűs, I., Fodor, A. (Eds.). English Historical Linguistics 2010: Selected Papers from the Sixteenth Inter-national Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 16), Pécs, 23-27 August 2010 (pp. 15-42). Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.
25. Finney, B. R. (2003). Sailing in the Wake of Ancestors: reviving Polynesian Voyaging. Hono¬lulu: Bishop Museum Press.
26. Kozlova, T. O., Nikulina, A.M., Avramenko, O.M., & Korniushyna, N. S. (2020). Funktsiina potuzhnist maorizmiv v anhliiskii movi Novoi Zelandii [The Functional Capacity of Maori Loans in New Zealand English]. New Philology, 79, 61-67. https://doi.org/10.26661/2414-113 5/2020-79-10
27. Kaumatua Flats. (n. d.). Retriewed from https://sites.google.com/site/araiteuru/kaumatua-flats
28. Towards Healthy Māori Rental Housing. Māori Renter’s Views on Renting in the Wellington Region. A report prepared for Renters United and the Department of Public Health, 2017. Wellington: Uni-versity of Otago. Retrieved from https://www.otago.ac.nz/wellington/otago678461.pdf
29. Quigley, K. (2011). Mining the Lexis of New Zealand’s Public Sector. NZWords. 15, 6-7.
30. Breadstock, M. (2005). Some Southern Sea Lore. NZWords, 9, 1-3.
31. Raghunathan, A. (n. d.). Case study – School programs and Māori language revitalisation in New Zealand. Global Lessons: Indigenous languages and multilingualism in school programs. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@FirstLangAU/school-programs-and-māori-language-re¬vitalisation-in-new-zealand-c2b774e3365
32. Bell, A. (2014). The Guidebook to Sociolinguistics. Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell.
33. Kouka, H. (Ed.). (1999). Na Matou Mangai. Our Own Voice. Three plays of the 1990s. Auck¬land: Victoria University Press.
34. Metge, J. (2009). Words Escape Us. NZWords, 13, 1-6.
35. Bradsley, D. (2011). The New Zealand Oxford Junior Dictionary. Oxford, Sydney: Oxford Uni¬versity Press Australia & New Zealand.
36. Cryer, M. (2006). The Godzone Dictionary: Of Favourite New Zealand Words and Phrases. Auckland: Exisle Publishing.
37. Hayward, J., Shaw, R. (2016). Historical Dictionary of New Zealand. Lanham, New York, Lon¬don: Rowman & Littlefield.
38. Thorne, T. (2009). Dictionary of Contemporary Slang. London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney: A&C Black.
Abstract views: 1037 PDF Downloads: 228
Published
2021-02-08
How to Cite
Kozlova, T., & Rudnicki, M. (2021). MAORI LOANS IN NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH FROM A LANGUAGE ECOLOGY PERSPECTIVE. Scientific Journal of Polonia University, 39(2), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.23856/3908
Section
LANGUAGE, CULTURE, COMMUNICATION
