Scientific Journal of Polonia University

LINGUISTIC AND DIDACTIC POTENTIAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Olha Demianenko — 2024-12-25

The article deals with the issue of artificial intelligence that should be integrated with traditional foreign language teaching methods to create a balanced and effective approach. When artificial intelligence is fully integrated into the educational process, learning tasks will reach a new level. Feedback, personalizing learning, adapting to everyone’s needs will have a significant impact on learners. Special attention is paid to the benefits of implementing artificial intelligence in learning and also the methodological and didactic potential of chatbots. Currently, higher education institutions use artificial intelligence technologies in the process of teaching foreign languages. The author emphasizes that different artificial intelligence tools allow to personalise learning and provide an individual approach taking into account the developmental characteristics and needs of each participant of the learning process in higher education; to provide instant feedback, which motivates students and educators for further learning in cooperation, helps to see both development prospects and limitations, to adjust the learning trajectory in a very short time; to motivate students to learn a foreign language through a high degree of interactivity and accessibility.

CLOTHING AND FASHION IN CONTEMPORARY CRIME FICTION BY ROBERT GALBRAITH

Olga Kulchytska — 2024-12-25

The plots of Robert Galbraith’s Strike novels are built around the problem of crime; at the same time, the author covers a wide range of social topics that reflect today’s urban culture. The descriptions of fashion tendencies, high-style apparel and clothes worn on the street, personalized styles and mundane clothing communicate the idea of social, ethnic, cultural, subcultural diversity of contemporary London. Three general constituents of fashion phenomenon are spotlighted in Galbraith’s novels: design and advertising/promotion, trade, clothes and their wearers. Their presentations are studied through Text World Theory analysis: world-builders (characters/enactors and objects), relational processes, and function-advancing propositions; linguistic cues that guide the interpretation of particular text-worlds are indicated too. At the opposite points of the spectrum of fashion phenomenon – text-worlds of designing and text-worlds of wearing clothes – the role of characters/enactors is more pronounced than that of objects: clothes are means of self-expression and self-presentation. Alternatively, clothing sometimes is a telltale sign; also, on the reception side, the effect may be opposite to the one intended. In text-worlds of advertising/ promotion, the role of objects is more important than the role of enactors. In text-worlds of fashion trade, objects are often presented from the enactors’ perspectives, which suggests equal importance of both world-builders. In the context of Galbraith’s novels, clothes “interact” with people who create and wear them, highlighting their identities, social status, views, tastes or revealing their true nature.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO AUTOMATE: TRANSLATION OF TECHNICAL TERMS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Oleksandr Lysychenko — 2024-12-25

This article highlights the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on automating the translation of technical terminology in project management. In particular, the article focuses on the use of machine translation (MT), which, thanks to their ability to process large amounts of data, cloud computing, and advanced algorithms, increase the accuracy and speed of translation of technical documentation. It is noted that AI helps to reduce translation costs and improves the consistency of terminology, which is critical for the successful completion of projects with tight deadlines. Nevertheless, challenges in this field are also identified, including the high error rate in translating highly specialized terms and the ongoing need to enhance systems to meet the varied demands of users. Different translation approaches are discussed, including neural machine translation (NMT), statistical machine translation (SMT) and rule-based machine translation (RBMT), which ensure high accuracy and smoothness of translation. Integrating AI into project management systems can also optimise communication in multilingual teams. The article highlights the growing role of AI in the translation of technical terms, which has great potential to improve efficiency in project management.

THE ROLE OF SOFT SKILLS IN TEACHER TRAINING IN THE MODERN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

Iryna Malynovska — 2024-12-25

In the article, the authors analyse the concept of ‘soft skills’ and define the role of soft skills in the professional training of teachers in the modern educational process. It is established that these skills include the ability to empathise, active listening, constructive communication, conflict management and leadership qualities that contribute to the effectiveness of the teaching process, stimulate active interaction between participants in the educational process and contribute to the successful achievement of educational and professional goals. It is noted that developed soft skills allow a teacher to more effectively establish interaction with students, colleagues and the administration of a higher education institution. The ability to communicate, motivate and manage emotions creates an atmosphere of mutual understanding and trust, which has a positive impact on the success of students and forms their positive attitude to learning in general. In the article, the authors analyse the experience of other countries in developing soft skills for teachers, in particular in the Scandinavian countries, Singapore, Canada, Australia, and Japan. The study found that in order to develop soft skills in teachers, it is necessary to attend trainings and seminars, which will help teachers improve their dialogue skills, better understand the needs of students to resolve conflict situations and create a positive educational environment; create conditions for the professional growth of teachers, recognition of their achievements; encourage teachers to share experiences and cooperate with colleagues, which will help improve their teamwork and conflict resolution skills.

RESPONSIBILITY IN THE AGE OF CHANGE: PAUL RICOEUR'S PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AS A KEY TO CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES

Nargiz Hamid Medzhidova — 2024-12-25

The problem of identifying the main characteristics of humans has been and remains relevant; however, its significance has only grown in the context of contemporary scientific development. At this stage of civilizational progress, with increasing intellectual, informational, and technological challenges, and rising demands on humans in a competitive world, understanding the person as a social subject endowed with specific abilities becomes essential. Exploring P. Ricoeur's philosophical anthropology is necessary as his concept of the “capable human” encourages a positive view of the social subject, which is crucial for addressing many contemporary issues and finding reliable existential foundations for human existence. Ricoeur's concepts, such as “capability,” “the capable human,” “human action,” “recognition,” “responsibility,” “promise,” “memory,” and others, have enriched philosophical anthropology. Their comprehension, on the one hand, broadens the tools available in the national philosophy of the human, and on the other, aids in forming an active and responsible outlook necessary in today’s world. Our rapidly changing world presents new questions as social, economic, and environmental conditions evolve. In the age of digital technology, anthropogenic climate change, and the potential emergence of artificial superintelligence, a heightened awareness and cultivation of responsibility become paramount. This article examines how Paul Ricoeur's philosophical anthropology can respond to the challenges of the modern era and discusses how his ideas may foster responsible and meaningful behavior.

FEATURES OF LITERARY TRANSLATION

Violetta Myrhorod — 2024-12-25

The aim of this paper is to determine the phenomenon of artistic translation. In modern philological science, there are various directions of studying the speech characteristics of characters as the primary component of a character's image in a literary work. Contemporary literary studies consider the speech characteristics of characters as one of the aspects of creating characters in literary texts of different genres. In linguistics, the subject of study is based on the material of oral speech and texts that present general, typological, and specific features of communication, as well as the specifics of the language of different social groups. Recently, there has been a growing interest in issues related to reproducing characters' speech characteristics in literary translations. The need for further study of the features of creating speech characteristics and their adequate transfer to the target language underscores the relevance of this research. The results of the analysis shed light on the most common types of translation transformations for conveying speech characteristics, allowing conclusions to be drawn regarding the norms of the target culture.

A PILGRIMAGE COMMUNICATION PERSPECTIVE ON THE SACRED WAYS OF ST. MARY MAGDALENE

Svitlana Panchenko — 2024-12-25

The purpose of this paper is to examine the meaning and prospects of pilgrimage communication on the example of the sacred paths of St Mary Magdalene. To recreate the saintʼs pilgrimage routes from the physical path to virtual travel, and to find out the significance of Mary Magdaleneʼs figure in art through virtual pilgrimage. In the authorʼs opinion, pilgrimage as a social and communicative institution has a communicative perspective in the dichotomy of «self-Other», so it inspired the author to work and move along sacred paths in this direction. The communicative method focused on intercultural communication between pilgrims during their journeys to the relics of the saint, and intercultural communication is also traced in the planning of such sacred journeys through the media and the Internet. The tourismological method allowed us to consider and analyse the established 222 km long route in 10 stages, which shows pilgrims the spiritual significance and necessity of such routes in relation to other saints. The cultural method made it possible to analyse the figure of St Mary Magdalene through such a powerful cultural tool as art, immersing us in biblical stories through paintings and conveying the emotions of the saint through the atmosphere and images that transported us to the time of the birth of Christianity thanks to painting. Using the religious studies method, the authors examined the significance of St Mary Magdalene for pilgrims after her death, namely the pilgrimage routes to the saintʼs relics through elaborate sacred routes.

ORIENTAL CODE OF “LISOVA PISNIA” BY LESIA UKRAЇNKA

Anna Skorofatova — 2024-12-25

Despite the considerable corpus of scholarly publications addressing to genius Lesia Ukraїnka’s legacy, we are far from the global multifaceted comprehension of her phenomenon. The article presents a new interpretation of “Lisova Pisnia” by Lesia Ukraїnka through the prism of oriental aesthetics (code), which goes through the life and oeuvre of the poetess, made on the base of the systematic method of research, which includes such modern methods of literary analysis as: contact technique in combination with the biographical method; the parallel method, in particular in the study of literary analogies and contrasts in the literatures of different continents and eras (“Lisova Pisnia” by Lesia Ukraїnka and “The Epic of Gilgamesh”); elements of Freudian psychoanalysis; a hermeneutic and poststructuralist approach (a textual analysis offers many different codes that are at the same time closely intertwined and incomplete); intertextual approach and elements of feminist criticism. The target readership for the article is all the interested in Ukrainian literature and culture in the global context.

THE ART OF WAR POETRY: PRECEDENT PHENOMENA AS TRANSMITTERS OF HISTORICAL AND COLLECTIVE MEMORY IN PAVLO VYSHEBABA’S POETRY

Olga Virnyk — 2024-12-25

War poetry, beyond its significant self-descriptive component, aims to capture the memory of events, diverse individuals, and comrades, and convey the truth about the war to the broader public. As a result, realistic narrative often prevails over artistic fiction. Truthfulness, historical accuracy, and the clear prioritization in the fight against Russian aggression transform the narratives of war poetry into a crucial elem ent of information warfare. This study explores the role of precedent phenomena as significant transmitters of historical and collective memory within the war poetry of Ukrainian poet Pavlo Vyshebaba. Through a close analysis of Vyshebaba's work, the article examines how references to notable figures and events function not merely as literary devices but as powerful tools for embedding cultural memory and national identity. This exploration situates Vyshebaba’s poetry within a broader framework of cultural semiotics, demonstrating how historical allusions foster a shared consciousness, reinforce collective resilience, and contribute to the evolving narrative of Ukrainian identity amidst contemporary challenges.

POTENTIAL IMPACT OF STEAM EDUCATION ON THE OUTCOMES OF MUSIC TEACHER TRAINING

Di Liu — 2024-12-25

The article aims to analyze the potential impact of STEAM education on the outcomes of music teacher training. Based on analysis results STEAM education holds significant potential for transforming the outcomes of music teacher training. STEAM encourages a more holistic approach to teaching and learning by integrating the arts with science and technology. Music teachers benefit from this approach as it fosters creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills, all essential in today's rapidly evolving educational landscape. We showed that STEAM equips future music teachers with the technological proficiency necessary to utilize modern tools and digital platforms, making music education more engaging and relevant to students. The interdisciplinary nature of STEAM encourages collaboration and innovation, enabling teachers to connect music with broader concepts in STEM fields. Practical value of analyzing the potential impact of STEAM education on the outcomes of music teacher training lies in understanding new opportunities for improving their professional competencies: it allows for adapting teaching methods to modern technological trends, which is especially important given the rapid development of digital tools and software. Music teachers can introduce innovative forms of instruction, including interactive platforms for creating, recording, and editing music, thereby increasing student motivation; STEAM fosters the ability to integrate interdisciplinary knowledge, promoting flexible thinking in future teachers. Thus, analyzing the impact of STEAM education enables the development of more effective and relevant training programs for music teachers, enhancing the quality of their teaching and their readiness to meet the challenges of modern education.

PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF FORMING SCHOOLCHILDREN’S AESTHETICS THROUGH DANCE

Artem Yurchenko — 2024-12-25

The paper aims to substantiate the pedagogical conditions for forming schoolchildren’s aesthetic taste through dance. The results are based on the analysis and identified the following pedagogical conditions that ensure the optimization of this pedagogical activity: motiving the heads of dance studios to pedagogical activities that ensure the consistent formation of the aesthetic taste of schoolchildren, through the creation of a positive trusting hedonistically directed aesthetic atmosphere of dance training; enrichment of the aesthetic thesaurus of schoolchildren through video lectures; development of creative abilities of schoolchildren through improvisation, staging dances, and participation in concert activities. Practical value of the work is manifested in the comprehensive support of students' personal and creative development: a positive atmosphere promotes the emotional involvement of students in the learning process, and increases their interest in dance and aesthetic values; a comfortable environment allows students to express themselves more easily through dance and perceive art more openly; harmonious atmosphere allows students to naturally form aesthetic priorities, understand the beauty of movements and harmony; improvisation and independent dance choreography contribute to the development of individual creative initiative and self-expression, which directly affects aesthetic taste; Participation in concerts allows students to evaluate their own work from the viewer's point of view, receive feedback and thus develop their aesthetic taste in practice; the opportunity to demonstrate their own achievements on stage promotes personal growth, which is an important aspect in the formation of aesthetic culture.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF ENSURING THE ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES UNDER CONDITIONS OF DECENTRALIZATION IN POLAND

Andriy Basko — 2024-12-25

The purpose of the research within the scope of the scientific article is to clarify the essence of the model of building a system of local self-government in the Republic of Poland, taking into account the principles of decentralization in view of the use of certain forms of its implementation in Ukraine. To achieve the goal of the research, the following tasks were carried out: clarification of the prerequisites, forms and methods of building a model of the local self-government system in the Republic of Poland, taking into account the observance of the principles of decentralization; carrying out a comparative analysis of the construction of this model in Poland and Ukraine; identifying effective forms of implementation of the principles of decentralization of the model of local self-government in Poland and forecasting the possibility of their implementation in the process of local self-government reform in Ukraine. As a result of the study, it was established that the Polish system of local self-government is characterized by the presence of such a specific mechanism of delegation of power, such as their transfer between local self-government bodies of different levels. Within the framework of this mechanism, the powers of the self-governing bodies of the voivodship can be delegated to the relevant district bodies if necessary. It has been proven that this type of delegation of powers is a completely natural continuation of the principle of subsidiarity, as it is applied in the case when a certain administrative authority is legally assigned to a local self-government body of one level, but can be most effectively implemented by a local self-government body of another level - both higher and lower Ukrainian legislation does not allow such delegation of powers between local self-government bodies of different levels at all. That is why one of the measures of the decentralization reform in Ukraine should be the enshrining in the Law "On Local Self-Government in Ukraine" or in the prospective Municipal Code of Ukraine the provision that local self-government bodies can enter into administrative agreements with each other on the delegation of power and the transfer of necessary for them implementation of financial and (or) material and technical resources.

OPTIMIZATION OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES FUNCTIONING DURING MARTIAL LAW: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Oleksandra Bilotserkivska — 2024-12-25

This article focuses on identifying and analyzing the main challenges faced by Ukraine’s public institutions under martial law, particularly addressing the balance between temporary concentration of power and state centralization versus preserving democratic principles. Following Russia’s full-scale aggression, Ukraine has significantly strengthened its power vertical to ensure effective governance, safeguard sovereignty, and maintain public order. The state’s operation under martial law involves restricting certain democratic rights and freedoms, a necessary security measure to protect the nation and its citizens. At the same time, Ukrainians, upholding democracy as a foundational value and as part of their European identity, are critically wary of a possible regression to autocratic governance, thus maintaining close oversight over public institutions even amidst war. Drawing on S. Neskorodiev’s «reverse transition» concept, the author justifies the objective necessity of a temporary shift toward autocracy under martial law as a compelled political- legal solution that allows state mechanisms and society to adapt to the existential challenges posed by war. The article explores the need to balance effective governance with adherence to democratic norms during martial law, highlighting the main challenges for public institutions and suggesting a range of strategic solutions. Special attention is given to information security, which is critically important in the context of hybrid warfare. Ensuring effective communication between government and citizens, and countering disinformation, are seen as essential for sustaining trust in public institutions. The role of legislative reform, enabling quick adaptation of laws to wartime demands while ensuring transparency and expert consultation to minimize poor decision-making risks, is also discussed. Emphasis is placed on preserving citizens’ rights and freedoms, even under an emergency regime, as a crucial element of democratic society that sustains public trust and the legitimacy of government actions. Strategic decisions should guarantee the preservation of democratic institutions, as democratic values are central to Ukraine’s national identity. A key factor in supporting the national idea and rebuilding post-war Ukraine as a sovereign, democratic state capable of effectively responding to challenges and recovering after the crisis.

"FORCE MAJEURE" AS A BASIS FOR EXEMPTION FROM CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY IN EUROPEAN UNION LEGISLATION

Valeriia Bohdanova — 2024-12-25

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legislative regulation of the "force majeure" category as a basis for exemption from contractual liability in the countries of the European Union. The legislative norms of such countries as Italy, France, Germany were developed and analyzed; conclusions were made regarding the peculiarities of the regulation of the "force majeure" category in contractual relations; the issue of the autonomy of the parties to the contract in the identification of such circumstances is studied. Considerable attention is paid to the relevant judicial practice, the decisions of the Courts of Cassation regarding their interpretation of "force majeure circumstances" and the characteristics by which the circumstances can be classified as force majeure. It has been established that the exemption of a party to a contractual relationship from civil liability is possible, according to the legislation of most countries, provided that the circumstances that have arisen meet two characteristics: emergency and unpredictability, that is, only external events that cannot be predicted and controlled. The author emphasizes variability circumstances that may fall under the features of "force majeure" and, accordingly, be basis for exemption from contractual liability. The role of the courts in regulating the contractual relations of the parties in the event of force majeure and the scope of their powers regarding the possibility of regulating contractual legal relations are investigated.

DECOLONIZATION OF URBAN SPACE OF ZAPORIZHZHIA (2014–2023 РР.): INFORMATIONAL AND COGNITIVE DYNAMICS OF SOCIETY

Viktor Burenkov — 2024-12-25

This article examines the processes of decolonization, derussification, and decommunization of urban space of Zaporizhzhia from 2014 to 2023. The influence of public sentiment, cultural changes, and legal acts on the transformation of urban objects is analyzed with special attention. During the study, there are under consideration the dynamics of toponym renaming, the dismantling of Soviet-era monuments, and the overcoming of imperial heritage in public space. Special attention is paid to the relationship between the processes of decommunization and national security, since the decolonization of the urban environment is an important element in countering Russian propaganda and restoring national identity. The article contains an analysis of the legal framework, including laws adopted in 2015 and 2023, which contributed to the purification of public space from totalitarian symbols, along with monitoring of the information space with the help of the Brand24 program regarding indicators of representation and popularization of this topic in the media. In the conclusions, the authors emphasize the importance of decolonization processes for the formation of a new national memory and restoration of historical justice in the context of European integration aspirations of Ukraine. Prospects for further research are focused on the analysis of social and cultural changes caused by these processes.

THE PRICE OF TRUTH: THE IMPACT OF WAR ON JOURNALISTIC FREEDOM AND NEWS CONTENT IN UKRAINE

Vadym Halaziuk — 2024-12-25

The aim of this paper is to analyze how the ongoing war with Russia, starting on February 24, 2022, has influenced the freedom of journalistic activity and the content of news in Ukraine, using the example of the publication "Ukrainska Pravda." The study examines the specific challenges that have emerged under the conditions of military aggression, including legal restrictions, economic pressures on media outlets, and the ethical dilemmas faced by journalists in balancing the public’s right to know with considerations of national security. The paper explores how censorship and self-censorship have impacted independent media in Ukraine, altering both the accessibility and depth of information available to the public. Methods applied in this research include general scientific approaches (such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction), theoretical frameworks (from abstract to concrete), and the historical method, enabling a comprehensive view of the shifts in Ukrainian journalism in wartime. Through this examination, the study highlights the sacrifices and complexities involved in maintaining the integrity and independence of journalism under extreme political and social conditions.

STATE AND PUBLIC CONTROL IN THE FIELD OF CIVILIAN FIREARMS CIRCULATION CONTROL

Serhii Khvostovtsov — 2024-12-25

The aim of the work is investigates and reveals the peculiarities of state and public control in the sphere of control over the circulation of civilian firearms. The methodological basis of legal research is research approaches, general theoretical principles of scientific knowledge, a system of methods and methods. Results is noted that public control is manifested through the activity of public organizations, initiatives and participation of the population in the processes of monitoring and evaluating the actions of the state. State control, in turn, is ensured through the system of legislation, institutions and bodies responsible for licensing, inspections and monitoring of compliance with regulations, including the circulation of firearms. The types of state control were analyzed and characterized, and such types of state control over the circulation of civilian firearms as intra-departmental, inter-departmental and extra-departmental control were distinguished. Based on the analysis of the works of scientists, the concept of state control over the circulation of civilian firearms is defined as the activity of the state-authorized higher and central executive bodies, their territorial bodies within the limits of the powers provided for by law, in order to detect and prevent violations of the requirements of the law by the owners of weapons, business entities, who have a license to carry out business activities in the trade of firearms, in order to protect the rights and legitimate interests of citizens. Conclusions. Having considered the characteristic features and types of state control, we can define the concept of state control over the circulation of civilian firearms as the activity of the state-authorized higher and central bodies of executive power, their territorial bodies within the limits of the powers provided by law, in order to detect and prevent violations of the requirements of the law by the owners of weapons, sub by enterprises that have a license to carry out business activities in the trade of firearms, in order to protect the rights and legitimate interests of citizens.

THE MAIN WAYS OF IMPROVING THE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM OF UKRAINE: ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL DIMENSION

Mykola Kropyvnitskiy — 2024-12-25

In this article the author analyzes the content and conceptual characteristics of “social security” concept, the system of social security and the main ways of its improvement. It is emphasized that social infrastructure as a necessary condition for the full functioning of the socio-economic system is supported by a properly organized social security system. At the level of EU legislation, the “social security” concept is associated with all interventions by public or private organizations aimed at relieving households and individuals from the burden caused by certain types of risks or needs. At the conceptual and theoretical level, it can be concluded that social security is a set of measures and means of an organizational, legal and socio-economic nature carried out by public and/or private entities, in order to ensure the socially safe existence of a person as the highest social value and an integral element of social existence, by preventing, reducing or eliminating social risks, as well as meeting human needs in the social sphere. The structure of social security in Ukraine consists of the following elements: 1) social welfare – budgetary assistance to certain categories of population; 2) social insurance – assistance of non-budgetary structures to neutralize insurance cases; 3) state social guarantees – budgetary financing of enterprises aimed at compensating for the lost income; 4) social assistance. Three levels of the social security system in Ukraine are distinguished: institutional, law enforcement, of direct interaction. The article outlines current proposals on the ways to improve the social security system in Ukraine.

PUBLIC MANAGEMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STANDARTS DEVELOPMENT: INSTITUTIONAL AND INNOVATION DESIGN FRAMEWORK

Vitaliy Omelyanenko — 2024-12-25

The research aims to explore innovative approaches in the public management of social standards development, focusing on the integration of data-driven systems, inclusive governance and sustainable financing to promote fairness, equality and social well-being across diverse global contexts. This study examines the development of social standards as a core element of public management, emphasizing the importance of balancing political negotiation, evidence-based policymaking, and resource management. It highlights how public managers must engage with diverse stakeholders, navigate complex governance structures, and adapt to evolving societal needs to ensure social standards promote fairness, equality, and social well-being. Drawing on global examples such as the Nordic welfare model, Germany’s social insurance system, and innovative programs like Brazil's Bolsa Família, the paper demonstrates the potential of inclusive governance and sustainable financing to enhance social standards. It also proposes the development of an integrated, data-driven social welfare system and a Unive rsal Basic Social Service (UBSS) framework as innovative approaches to make social standards more responsive and adaptable. By leveraging advanced technologies and fostering cross-sector collaboration, these solutions have the potential to transform how governments address current and future challenges, ensuring social standards remain effective in a rapidly changing world.

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANISATIONAL LEARNING OF EXERCISES WITHIN THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE (DECEMBER 1991–FEBRUARY 2022)

Yuriy Pashchuk — 2024-12-25

The article examines the historical aspects of organisational learning of military exercises within the Ukrainian Armed Forces (from their creation in December 1991 until the largescale Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022). It compares this activity with the relevant practice of the North Atlantic Alliance. The research paper highlights two key stages in the operational and combat training of the Armed Forces of Ukraine: “Decline” (December 1991–April 2014), when the military learning was ineffective, which impacted the ability of Ukrainian troops to adapt and functionally counter Russian armed aggression, and ‘Modernization’ (April 2014–February 2022), during which the approaches to analyse and implement lessons were improved by the NATO standards. A comparative analysis of the organisational learning of military exercises within the Armed Forces of Ukraine and NATO during the above period (1991–2022) was carried out on the basis of studying five key elements of the lessons learned capability: organisational structure, process, tools, training, and information sharing.

THE RIGHTS OF NATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES UNDER THE CONSTITUTIONS OF INTERWAR LITHUANIA (1918–1940)

Artem Petryk — 2024-12-25

16 February 1918 The Council of Lithuania proclaimed the act of full independence of Lithuania. However, the country managed to get a chance for freedom only after the end of the First World War (1914–1918). For Lithuania, however, the World War transformed into the War of Independence (1919–1923). The young country was confronted by new imperial geopolitical projects. The success of the struggle of the Lithuanian people and army led to the establishment of the state’s independence and its gradual recognition in the international arena. Representatives of various ethnic groups that had long-lived in the country took an active part in the struggle for a free Lithuania and the development of its state institutions. Often, ethnic communities were distinguished by their belonging to different religious traditions. In this article, we aim to examine how the issue of the rights of national minorities and religious organisations was covered in the constitutions of Lithuania in the interwar period. In this research, we analyse the provisions of the entire range of relevant normative documents, namely, the provisional constitutions of 1918, 1919, 1920; the constitutions of 1922, 1928, 1938. In addition, the focus of our investigation is on the rights of ethnic and religious communities in the Klaipeda region, according to the Paris Convention and the Memel Statute of 1924, attached to it. We have also paid attention to the aspect of the draft monarchical constitution of Lithuania of 1918. Such an analysis is carried out for the first time in the framework of Ukrainian Lithuanistic studies. It is relevant both to the study of the history of the interwar Lithuania (1918–1940) and the history of the state and law of the Baltic States of the same era. This determines the relevance of our work.

THE ROLE OF AVIATION IN THE AIR DEFENSE OF GREAT BRITAIN DURING WORLD WAR I

Inna Pidbereznykh — 2024-12-25

The article is dedicated to analyzing the role of British aviation in the air defense of Great Britain during World War I. During this period, Britain faced a new threat – massive air raids by German military airships and bombers, which caused severe destruction and panic among the population. The lack of experience in countering aerial threats posed a significant challenge to British aviation units at the beginning of the war. The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) encountered numerous difficulties, including technical limitations and adverse weather conditions, which initially hindered their ability to effectively intercept and destroy enemy air targets. The article examines how British aviation adapted its tactics and technologies to counter German air attacks, particularly through the development of early warning systems and night interceptions. It describes the improvement of British fighter aircraft, notably the B.E.2c model, and its adaptation for night operations against German bombers. Special attention is given to the formation of the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1918, which significantly improved the management and coordination of the country's air defense. The author analyzes the impact of these measures on reducing the effectiveness of German air raids and on the development of military aviation in the following years. The article also explores the successful operations of individual British pilots who managed to shoot down German Zeppelins and bombers, as well as the role of specialized squadrons in patrolling the night skies. The article highlights the importance of the World War I experience for the future development of British military aviation and the organization of air defense in the 20th century. The work also sheds light on the cooperation between ground-based air defense forces and aviation, which played a key role in protecting strategic targets such as factories, ports, and infrastructure. A significant milestone was the organization of the London Air Defence Area, which integrated anti-aircraft guns, searchlights, and interceptor aircraft for better coordination. The author notes that through the implementation of new technologies, such as radio communication, British aviation achieved significant success in reducing civilian casualties and destroying enemy bombers.

RELIGIOUS CENTERS OF HALICHINA: FROM SPIRITUAL CENTERS TO THE FORTS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL REHABILITATION

Nadiia Rusko — 2024-12-25

Statement of the problem. Galicia, a historical and cultural region of Ukraine, has always been known for its rich religious life. Religious centers in this region acted not only as places of worship, but also as important centers of cultural, social and national life. This article examines the evolution of religious centers in Galicia, from their emergence as spiritual centers to the modern understanding of their role as rafts of national identity and places of psychological rehabilitation. The relevance of the article is determined by the specifics of the influence of spiritual life on the formation of statehood and national identity. Over the last decade, there has been a strong outburst of scientific and public interest in the history of the Christianization of Ukraine, the church, religious traditions, and the Galician spiritual tradition needs the most research. The purpose of the article is to determine the role of the Galician Metropolis in the spiritual worldview, value orientations and how they reflect and transform the sacred space of the transcendent and influence people's lives. The novelty of the article is determined by the fact that, for the first time, the national peculiarities of the sacred heritage of Galicia, their influence on the value-moral and psychological potential and anthropological peculiarities of the formation of religious objectification of the Western region of Ukraine have been deeply investigated. Today, when Ukraine is facing new challenges of the religious, philosophical, political, and economic dimensions, it is very important to show the role of valuable, sacralized, transcendent factors in the formation of national sakrumy through the study of the problems of spiritual heritage. This article asserts that the worldview-mental core of the philosophy and esthetosphere of Ukrainian national culture is visualized in sacred places, which are the basis of spirituality and value identity of the region. It was found that they have not only an original, unique cultural content and form, but also their own spiritual territory, where they affirm and reveal the traditional values of the metaphysics of culture. Where a person correlates himself with fundamental spiritual values, the Absolute, with higher meanings, national shrines.

BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT: FORECASTING THE MARKET FOR DECARBONIZATION AND RELATED PRODUCTS USING THE LCA METHOD

Olexandr Shapurov — 2024-12-25

The aim of this work is to manage business processes based on the forecasting of the decarbonization market and related products. The methods used in this study include general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction), theoretical research methods (abstraction, theoretical modeling. The importance of by-products in the metallurgical industry is demonstrated, including dust and sludge, hot rolling scale, iron ore, fine fractions of agglomerate, pitch, and sulfur. Based on the dynamic trend of retrospective data on steel production from the World Steel Association for the period 2003-2022, trends were analyzed and forecast indicators were developed. LCA inventory data (using OpenLCA software), calculated using the Environmental Footprint method (Mid-point indicator) considering a projected steel volume of 2,231 thousand tons, assessed environmental impacts. The results indicated the greatest impact on environmental indicators. The forecasted capacity of potential decarbonization markets and related products was determined. The most significant segments of the global steel market for by-products will be: sludge, tails, stockpiled.

RETHINKING THEORETICAL STUDIES OF SOCIAL AND HUMANITARIAN FUNDING MECHANISMS IN UKRAINE

Anatolii Shunda — 2024-12-25

The study analyses the theoretical foundations of financial management mechanisms in the social and humanitarian sphere. The financing mechanisms for social and humanitarian efforts in Ukraine are reevaluated using the Kitchenham literature review model. The article reviews studies by scholars on social and humanitarian financing, using sources like Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus. It focuses on Ukrainian researchers to pinpoint future research directions for financing mechanisms in Ukraine's post-war reconstruction. It is noted that many scientific and educational publications provide different definitions of financial mechanisms, financial governance and management in the social and humanitarian spheres. These definitions are not contradictory, but demonstrate different views on the importance of different elements. The study suggests that a review of current research achievements and best practices can highlight key areas for further research on financial mechanisms in public administration of Ukraine's social and humanitarian sectors in the post-war reconstruction period. It emphasizes the importance of focusing on social and human factors, improving public administration and developing concepts for improving the quality of public services.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CREATIVITY TECHNIQUES AS KEY FACTORS IN INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT

Yurii Stasovskyi — 2024-12-25

The article examines both the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of organizational creativity in the context of the modern knowledge economy. The author pays attention to different approaches to studying creativity, analyzing the most influential models and theories applied in an organizational context. This has enabled the creation of a systematic classification of factors that determine the effectiveness of employees' creative activities in modern companies. In particular, both internal and external influences, as well as their interaction within the organization, are considered. The article pays special attention to the study of mixed factors, which combine internal resources and external opportunities to stimulate innovative thinking. The author emphasizes that knowledge and experience in using creativity techniques play a central role in the process of generating new ideas productively and transforming them into real innovations. The proposed classification of factors enables organizations not only to identify the factors they can influence but also to develop adaptive strategies to respond to external challenges beyond their control. This article contains a thorough study of the evolutionary development of creativity techniques.

QUANTIFYING ALGORITHMIC BIAS IN NEWS RECOMMENDATIONS: METHODOLOGIES AND CASE STUDIES

Roman Tsekhmeistruk — 2024-12-25

This study investigates algorithmic bias in news recommendations, a critical issue in today’s digital media landscape. As recommendation algorithms curate personalized content, they can also perpetuate systematic biases that distort information access and public discourse. The research begins with a literature review, identifying key themes and gaps in understanding algorithmic bias. A robust methodology is developed, incorporating user-centric analyses, content diversity assessments, and fairness evaluations to quantify the impact of bias in news recommendations. Through detailed case studies, the study highlights how biased algorithms shape user experiences, limit exposure to diverse perspectives, and contribute to societal polarization. The findings emphasize the urgent need for ethical considerations in algorithm design and provide actionable recommendations for media organizations, technology companies, and policymakers. By advocating for transparency, accountability, and user empowerment, this research aims to foster a more equitable digital information environment. Ultimately, the study contributes to the discourse on algorithmic bias, promoting a media landscape where diverse voices are heard and the integrity of journalism is maintained in the age of personalization.

CLINICAL AND PATHOGENETIC BASES OF DIFFERENTIATED APPROACH IN THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS

Inna Gorb-Gavrylchenko — 2024-12-25

To assess the effectiveness of a differentiated approach in the treatment of generalized periodontitis in women after ovariectomy, the indicators of bone tissue metabolism (bone metabolism markers osteocalcin and oxyproline, and calcium-regulating hormones – calcitonin and parathormone)) in this contingent of patients were investigated. According to the results of the research, it was established the need to distinguish three forms of the activity of the osteoporotic process (low activity, medium and high activity) in the alveolar bone with the subsequent application of individual tactics for the treatment of generalized periodontitis in patients of these groups. According to the obtained results, it was established that with low activity of osteoporosis in the alveolar bone (the presence of weakly active foci), monotherapy with calcium preparations is sufficient for women after total ovariectomy. With medium and high activity (moderately active and active foci of osteoporosis), it is advisable to prescribe, in addition to calcium preparations, antiresorptive agents in combination with drugs that normalize the hormonal background. According to the conducted studies, it is advisable to prescribe the drug Calcium D3 to women with mildly active foci of osteoporosis in the alveolar bone. In the presence of moderately active and active foci of osteoporosis in the alveolar bone, it is recommended to prescribe the drugs Calcium D3 Nikomed, Fosamax and the drug Progynova as a replacement hormone therapy.

RISK FACTORS FOR THE NEGATIVE COURSE OF GASTRODUODENAL GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING IN OBESE PATIENTS

Andrian Reiti — 2024-12-25

Obesity affects 18% of adults in Ukraine, which is one of the highest rates on the European continent. Treating gastrointestinal ulcer bleeding in obese patients is challenging due to 75% of them are taking at list one ulcerogenic or blood-thinning medications, and 25% use three or more because comorbidities. The problem of treating and predicting the outcomes of ulcerative bleeding in such patients is insufficiently studied. This study aimed to assess treatment outcomes for acute ulcerative bleeding in sever obese patients, evaluate the effects of age and medication use, and compare these with outcomes in normal-weight patients. To achieve this goal, a retrospective analysis included 82 sever obese and 282 normal- weight patients, focusing on early recurrences and mortality. The study found that in obese patients under the age of 40, the mortality rate was more than three times higher (7.3%) compared to patients of normal weight (2.1%) (p – 0.0296). However, after the age of 40, no statistically significant difference in mortality was confirmed between the study groups (8.5% and 4.9%, respectively, p- 0.2864). Additionally, no increased risk of early rebleeding was observed in patients using non steroid anti inflammatory drugs or and/or drugs, affecting the rheological or coagulation properties of the blood (12.2% vs. 5%, p = 0.2527). Thus, based on the obtained data, in Ukraine young age and obesity are risk factors for poor prognosis in treating gastrointestinal bleeding due to limited use of medications for comorbidities and resulting homeostasis issues. Despite this, they do not increase early rebleeding. The study suggests revising treatment strategies for young obese patients.

DIFFERENTIAL METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE EVENNESS OF THE ROAD SURFACE OF THE STREET AND ROAD NETWORK BY THE IRI INDEX

Taras Moroz — 2024-12-25

The article investigates the use of the IRI index to assess the condition of the pavement of streets of different types within a settlement: main city and district roads, residential and industrial. The possibility of applying a differential system for assessing the evenness of the road surface is considered, which makes it possible to more accurately determine its condition in five gradations – from excellent to critical. Based on the results, a map of the district was built, which clearly demonstrates the distribution of the technical condition of its street and road network. This allowed us to identify problem areas, which will make it easier to optimize the planning of repair work and ensure efficient use of resources. The research provides a more comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to pavement deterioration. Furthermore, the use of modern technologies, such as GIS systems and remote sensing data, facilitated the development of a dynamic model for monitoring road conditions in real-time.