Scientific Journal of Polonia University

ENCOURAGEMENT AS A MEANS OF FORMING POSITIVE MOTIVATION FOR LEARNING

Alina Bilous, Iryna Rozghon — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Learning activities are aimed at achieving specific goals and objectives, so their efficiency and effectiveness are extremely important. Any activity achieves higher efficiency and quality of results if a person has a strong motivation that encourages him or her to act actively, purposefully, and with maximum efficiency. Accordingly, learning will be successful if a student is highly motivated to learn. The article analyzes scientific research on the essence of motivation for learning, identification of key motives, the optimal structure of the motivational sphere of students, sources and sustainability of learning motivation. Particular attention is paid to the role of motivation as a factor influencing the effectiveness of the educational process and its results. The directions of pedagogical influence aimed at improving students' academic achievements are considered. The structure of motivation is analyzed, which is a complex, multi-level system that includes needs, motives, interests, ideals, aspirations, attitudes, emotions, values and norms. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is to determine the essence of encouragement in the educational process and the mechanism of its influence on the formation of motivation to learn. The peculiarities of using incentives in teaching a foreign language, taking into account the age characteristics of students, are investigated. The key stages of the teacher's work on the use of various types of incentives in order to form a positive learning motivation are determined. The practical significance of the research results lies in the development of recommendations for teachers, in particular young professionals, on the effective use of incentives in the educational process. The data obtained can be used for self-education of teachers, preparation of methodological activities in secondary schools, as well as in the training of future teachers in the study of the disciplines “Pedagogy”, “Fundamentals of Pedagogical Excellence” and “Foreign Language Teaching Methods”.

SYMBOL AND LEGAL MYTH

Oleh Borodenko — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The aim of this paper is to prove the hypothesis: symbol plays a decisive role in the process of legal myth-making; it occupies a central place in the structure of the legal myth. Nowadays, the role of the symbol in the structure of legal myth has not been sufficiently studied in Ukrainian and foreign science, which explains the relevance of our research. Symbol and legal myth have much in common, for example: sociocultural characteristics; timelessness; the ability to combine opposites. Every legal myth is a combination of legal reality and the unreal. Legal myths and mythologemes are rooted in the collective consciousness, but they also manifest subconscious intentions. Based on the analysis of some legal myths common in modern Ukraine and the world (myths about the omnipotence of the state and law; myth about the inevitability of punishment; myth about the inviolability of legal norms), it is shown how the set of key symbols (symbolic field) forms the primary structure of the myth. Thanks to symbolic reduction in the process of myth-making, the main thing is separated from the secondary. The evolution of the legal myth in time and space consolidates and develops "eternal" mythologemes and "eternal" mythical plots. Methods used in the study: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction); methods of theoretical research (from abstract to concrete), historical method, philosophical methodology (phenomenological method, dialectical method, anthropological approach).

THE USE OF VIDEO MODALITY IN BBC AND CNN TOP NEWS

Viktoria Hetman — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article highlights the main peculiarities of the videos which are an integral part of the contemporary online news articles and offer a fertile ground for the exploration of meaning making processes. The majority of top news articles analyzed within the scope of this study make use of videos as their key structural component. News videos are designed to deliver information quickly and effectively in a short and engaging format. The main pragmatic functions of the video abstracts are to illustrate the events, to support evidence to the facts, to explain or interpret the data, to appeal emotionally, to persuade the audience, to encourage some actions, etc. From a compositional perspective the videos as texts are a combination of visual, audio and textual elements. The relations between different modalities within the videotext reveal the correspondences between the verbiage (words, phrases, sentences) and visual depictions of the information transmitted via video modality. The descriptive qualitative approach was employed to analyze the data presented hereby.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-LINGUISTIC STUDENTS’ CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS: PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE

Yuliia Hlavatska — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Critical thinking is an essential issue and one of the main goals of higher education, forcing modern domestic and foreign educators to use its strategies in English classes to form students’ general and professional competencies. The “Business English” for non-linguistic graduate students is no exception. A step-by-step presentation on the topic “Recruitment and Selection” is an example of one practical session to utilise new vocabulary in speaking, reading, listening and reviewing grammatical material. Three parts introduce the topic: “Recruitment”, “Applying for a Job” and “Selection Procedures”. This article discusses integrating new information and strategies for developing critical thinking skills at each stage of the lesson. Such strategies as “Forecasting Using Key Words”, “Question-Answer”, “Thin/Thick Questions”, “Keywords”, “Listing”, “Matching”, “Mind Map”, “Clustering”, “Crossword”, “Ordering and Sorting”, “Replacing” are demonstrated in their practical application. It has been stated that among the skills and abilities related to critical thinking are flexibility in adapting to life situations, independence in decision-making, skills to generalise and systematise knowledge, professional thinking, the ability to use information resources, and the capacity to seek and acquire new knowledge, etc. Practically every lesson stage is supported by graphical images and tables, particularly self-assessment tables. The research results will help educators improve the use of critical thinking strategies in English lessons at higher educational institutions. Furthermore, the article may serve as a valuable resource for students aiming to critically reflect on fundamental theories, principles, methods, and concepts in their academic pursuits and professional practices.

MORPHOLOGICAL DOMINANT OF IMPERATIVE VERB FORM IN LYRICS BY VASYL STUS

Zhanna Honcharova — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article deals with the analysis of imperative verb form functioning in the lyric works by Vasyl Stus. This verb form has been identified as morphological dominant in the fragments of poetic works by the mentioned author. The basis for the formation of the morphological dominant of fragments in the lyrical works by Vasyl Stus is the poetic selection of the central imperative verb form, the second person singular. Mostly this imperative verb form reproduces the modal meaning of request, wish, and advice, which acquires additional semantics due to its localization in the text. The fact that the author regularly repeats imperative forms in various ways, emphasizing their semantics using the linguistic and stylistic techniques is highlighted. It is noted that the poet involves the imperative form of the same verb and of various verbs, representing different communicative situations. Author’s usage of imperative mood grammemes separately or accompanied with an address construction is pointed out. Address constructions when used together with imperative form of verbs significantly add to creating poetic sense and meaning.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF IT TERMINOLOGY IN INFORMAL ONLINE COMMUNICATIONS IN UKRAINIAN

Liliya Karmazina — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article studies the penetration of IT terminology into informal online communication in Ukrainian. The main mechanisms of adaptation of terms, such as transcription, calquing, hybridisation and abbreviation, are analysed, which facilitate the integration of specialised vocabulary into everyday speech. Special attention is paid to the functions of IT terms, including time saving, social identification and stylistic play. The study also covers sociolinguistic aspects that influence the use of IT vocabulary in different age and professional groups. The research methodology involves a combined approach that includes quantitative, qualitative and comparative analysis. The data sources were social networks (Facebook, Instagram, Telegram), forums and chats, which allowed us to trace current language trends. Quantitative analysis provided a measure of the frequency of use of IT terms, while qualitative analysis allowed us to explore their semantic variations in different contexts. The comparative approach helped to identify the peculiarities of using IT vocabulary among representatives of different social and age groups. The results of the study showed that IT terms in online communication are divided into three main groups: unchanged borrowings (‘лайк (laik)’, Eng. ‘like’, ‘чат (chat)’, Eng. ‘chat’, ‘логін (lohin)’, Eng. ‘login’), adapted hybrids (‘зашерити (zasharyty)’, Eng. ‘to share’, ‘апгрейднути (apgreidnuty)’, Eng. ‘to upgrade’, ‘забанити (zabanyty)’, Eng. ‘to ban’) and abbreviations (LOL, DM, BRB). It has been found that young people and representatives of the IT sphere are the most active in using IT vocabulary, while in bilingual environments it is possible to use English and Ukrainianised versions of terms in parallel. The functionality of IT vocabulary covers not only the communicative but also the socio-cultural aspect, reflecting the change of language norms in the digital space. The study emphasises the importance of IT terminology in the formation of modern linguistic culture and outlines the prospects for its further development in connection with the dynamic changes in the digital environment.

DEUTSCH-UKRAINISCHE INTERLINGUALE HOMONYMIE DER ADJEKTIVE

Svitlana Kiyko — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Im Beitrag wird das Phänomen der interlingualen Homonyme untersucht, d.h. Wörter, die in verschiedenen Sprachen ähnliche Formen aufweisen, aber aufgrund ihrer semantischen und soziokulturellen Entwicklung unterschiedliche Bedeutungen entwickeln können. Die Studie identifiziert die subtilen semantischen Unterschiede zwischen deutschen und ukrainischen Wörtern mit ähnlichem etymologischem Ursprung. Die Untersuchung von interlingualen Homonymen, insbesondere von Adjektiven, hilft zu klären, wie sich ihre Bedeutungen in den einzelnen Sprachen entwickeln. Die Studie analysiert 696 interlinguale Adjektivhomonyme, die in 304 Homonymische Reihen aufgeteilt werden. Diese Adjektive wurden durch eine vergleichende Analyse ihrer Sememe in den Universalwörterbüchern Duden und „Neues Universalwörterbuch der modernen ukrainischen Sprache“ ermittelt. Die Studie hebt die Rolle der Adjektive bei der Charakterisierung von Qualitäten oder Eigenschaften von Objekten hervor, wobei ihre Bedeutungen in Satzstrukturen oft von Substantiven abhängen. Ein wichtiger Teil dieser Studie ist die Ermittlung der strukturellen und semantischen Merkmale deutsch-ukrainischer interlingualer Homonyme. So werden beispielsweise die morphologischen Entsprechungen zwischen den deutschen und ukrainischen Formen analysiert, wobei sowohl regelmäßige Muster als auch Ausnahmen festgestellt werden. Die Untersuchung befasst sich auch mit der semantischen Klassifizierung von Adjektiven, wobei zwischen relativen, qualitativen, graduellen und referentiellen Adjektiven unterschieden wird, und beschreibt die thematischen Gruppen, die sie bilden. Die Studie liefert wichtige Einblicke in die typologischen Unterschiede zwischen deutschen und ukrainischen homonymen Adjektiven und zeigt die Komplexität und die Nuancen der interlingualen Homonymie sowie die Entwicklung der Bedeutungen in beiden Sprachen auf.

FEATURES OF VOWEL REDUCTION AND VOWEL SHORTENING IN THE LANGUAGE OF JAPANESE MASS CULTURE

Tamara Komarnytska — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The paper, based on the material of the texts of the language of mass culture of Japan, demonstrates that the language of mass culture is characterized by non-standard phonetic phenomena and phonetic innovations that violate the orthoepic norms of the literary language. Non-standard phonetic phenomena spread, in particular, to the system of vowel sounds, which in the language of mass culture undergo non-standard reduction and prosodic shortening, due to which the language of mass culture approaches colloquial patterns and becomes more emotional. In contrast to the standard Japanese language, where only the vowels /i/ and /u/ are usually reduced, the language of mass culture reduces all vowel sounds of the system, both single sounds and the combinations of vowels, often with a subsequent transition to another vowel. At the same time, such reduction is inherent even to vowel sounds that are part of root morphemes, which violates the norms of the literary language, and is also chaotic in its nature. The non-standard emphatic vowel reduction is often accompanied by the similar phenomenon of prosodic vowel shortening. The criteria for distinguishing the two phenomena are that reduction affects single short vowels or combinations of two short vowels, whereas prosodic shortening affects only one long vowel, and that reduction and prosodic shortening bring slightly different connotations to the word – familiarity for reduction and giving the word a fragmentary character for prosodic shortening.

TEACHING THE NECESSITY TO USE DMARC IN UKRAINIAN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Daria Kononova, Olena Kobus — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In today's interconnected world, email remains a cornerstone of communication for businesses, government agencies, and individuals alike. However, this ubiquitousness also makes it a prime target for cybercriminals. Phishing, spoofing, and other email-borne attacks can have devastating consequences, ranging from financial losses and data breaches to reputational damage and disruption of critical services. In Ukraine, amidst the backdrop of ongoing conflict and heightened cyber activity, the importance of robust email security measures like DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance) cannot be overstated. This article explores the importance of DMARC in safeguarding Ukraine's digital landscape and why its widespread adoption is essential. Ukrainian educational institutions face increasing cyber threats, particularly email spoofing and phishing attacks. Implementing DMARC is crucial to protect their email communications. DMARC helps to verify that emails claiming to be from an institution are genuinely sent from their authorized servers. This prevents malicious actors from impersonating the institution, safeguarding sensitive data like student or staff records and research information. By adopting DMARC, Ukrainian educational institutions can enhance their cybersecurity posture, maintain trust in their email communications, and ensure a safer online environment for students, faculty, and staff.

SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS OF BLURBS IN ANDREY KURKOV’S DIARY OF AN INVASION

Iryna Kovalchuk, Olga Ponomarenko — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study investigates the semantic and pragmatic functions of blurbs on book covers of Andrey Kurkov’s Dairy of an Invasion (2023), with a specific focus on their role as a key element of communication between the Ukrainian author, a publisher, English-language potential readers and a core text. The research, based on Gérard Genette’s theory, examines the interplay between semantic content and pragmatic functions of such paratexts as blurbs, exploring how they voice author’s message, shape the reader’s attitude to the narrative and contribute to the understanding of the core text. Through the discourse analysis of the selected blurbs, this research interprets the shifts in meanings of lexical units taking into account political and cultural context in Ukraine after Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In addition, the paper presents a classification of communicative tactics that are used within the core communicative strategy of building trust to the core text among English-speaking readers, jointly expressed by the author and publisher. The emphasis is made on the persuasive power of blurbs, which often blend informational, evaluative, and emotive elements to attract potential readers. The study concludes by underscoring the importance of blurbs as a form of culturally embedded paratext, capable of conveying authentic and culturally-marked texts in a cross-cultural context.

TRENDS IN CREATING CREATIVE CONTENT IN MEDIA AS A COMPONENT OF MEDIA PRACTICE

Yevgeniia Kyianytsia — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article analyzes the historical experience of forming attractive media content and identifies the key factors of its emotional saturation, which affects the cognitive perception of the audience. The mechanisms of creating “emotional packaging” of content through creative technologies, including storytelling, mythmaking, metaphorization, memification, and humor, are investigated. Their role in forming socially constructive content that can attract attention and facilitate the assimilation of information and influence decision-making is considered. The author substantiates the need for an integrated approach to combining traditional and modern methods in creative media practices, which contributes not only to the effective information exchange but also to the development of critical thinking, social responsibility, and resistance to manipulative strategies in the modern information space.

DEVELOPMENT OF STRESS RESISTANCE IN FORMING LIFE SUCCESSFULNESS OF SENIOR PUPILS

Valeriia Necherda — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The objectives of the research are to generalize theoretical data concerning the category of stress resistance, the results of a survey of senior school pupils of experimental secondary education institutions on the Google Forms resource at the organizational-search and experimental-practical stages of the research using the questionnaire "Assessment of the level of development of life skills of a successful personality" (according to D. Franken) and generalize and analyze empirical data, as well as highlight the features of the program for developing stress resistance of senior school pupils. In the process of the research, theoretical and methodological approaches were applied to the formation of a pupil’s stress resistance – axiological, acmeological, environmental, systemic, competency-based, as well as the following methods – theoretical (analysis, comparison and reinterpretation of data) and empirical (questionnaire). The proposed research determined the levels of development of stress resistance of senior school pupils. Within the framework of the ascertaining experiment, problem areas in the development of pupils' stress resistance were identified. During the formative experiment, self-control and empathy skills were improved, pupils' adaptive capabilities were increased, and positive experience of pupils effectively overcoming stressful situations was noted, which was confirmed by the results of the survey. The author also noted that the formation of stress resistance acquires particular significance in senior school age – the age of increased stress genitics. A close connection between the categories of stress resistance and hardiness was noted. The advantages of art therapy in the development of stress resistance of senior school pupils are highlighted.

ANALYSIS OF THE ‘HARRY POTTER AND THE PHILOSOPHER'S STONE’ PROPER NAMES RENDERING IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION

Svitlana Ostapenko, Daria Lishchyshyna — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The aim of the research is to analyse the main methods of proper names of the novel “Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone” rendering in Ukrainian translation performed by Viktor Morozov; to evaluate the translation transformations used in the process of proper names translation. The main results are obtained applying the following methods: general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction), descriptive and classification methods, comparative and contextual analysis, statistical method. The authors research the methods used by V. Morozov to convey the anthroponyms, toponyms, zoonyms, ergonyms, chrematonyms in order to find out how well the original meanings and cultural realias are preserved. Particular attention is paid to cases where the translator uses transcription, transliteration, calquing or adaptation, and the impact of these methods on the perception of the work by the Ukrainian reader is analysed.

CREATION OF AN INCLUSIVE VIRTUAL EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT UTILIZING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES

Liudmyla Peretyaha, Romana Sirenko — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in modern education. The authors explore how AI can be used to automate routine tasks of teachers, create personalized curricula for each student, create an adaptive learning environment, and provide effective feedback. It has been established that inclusion is an integral part of the educational policy of many countries, including Ukraine. However, despite significant achievements, inclusive education still faces a number of challenges related to insufficient funding, lack of proper training of teaching staff, and stereotypes about people with disabilities. Nevertheless, inclusive education remains one of the priority areas of development of modern education, as it contributes to the creation of a more just and inclusive society. It is noted that the introduction of AI in education requires addressing a number of challenges related to cybersecurity, personal data protection, development of appropriate pedagogical models, and consideration of potential social consequences, such as increased inequality of access to quality education. The study found that the cooperation of educational institutions with the artificial intelligence industry opens up new opportunities for modernizing curricula and preparing students with special educational needs to meet the rapidly changing requirements of the labor market.

PSYCHOLOGICZNE CZYNNIKI EDUKACJI RELIGIJNEJ: MECHANIZMY KSZTAŁTOWANIA WIARY

Hanna Pyroh — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Artykuł poświęcony jest psychologicznej analizie wychowania religijnego, jego czynnikom psychologicznym i mechanizmom. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza psychologicznych aspektów wychowania religijnego i edukacji religijnej oraz mechanizmów psychologicznych kształtowania wiary religijnej na przykładzie chrześcijaństwa. Badanie ma na celu: określenie podstawowych fenomenów religijno-psychologicznych stanowiących fundament wychowania i edukacji religijnej; analizę stanu literatury naukowej i teologicznej w zakresie psychologicznych podstaw wychowania religijnego; opisanie rozwoju religijnego jednostki, w szczególności etapów kształtowania myślenia religijnego, tożsamości religijnej i wiary; scharakteryzowanie procesów, czynników i agentów socjalizacji religijnej. W badaniu zastosowano metody ogólnonaukowe (analiza i synteza, indukcja i dedukcja); analizę teoretyczną literatury psychologicznej, religioznawczej i teologicznej; analizę historyczną i genetyczną; metodę systemową. Badanie opiera się na koncepcjach rozwoju myślenia religijnego, tożsamości i wiary. W artykule omówiono pojęcia „religijność”, „rozwój religijny jednostki” oraz „socjalizacja religijna”, które stanowią podstawę psychologicznego rozumienia wychowania religijnego. Stwierdzono, że współczesna psychologia nie zajmuje się bezpośrednio problematyką uzasadnienia edukacji religijnej w oparciu o wiedzę psychologiczną. Badania psychologiczne dotyczące edukacji religijnej są ograniczone – modele rozwoju religijnego koncentrują się głównie na podejściu kognitywnym, a badania nad socjalizacją religijną skupiają się na rodzinie i najbliższym otoczeniu. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono etapom rozwoju religijności, zwłaszcza modelom kognitywnym wyjaśniającym kształtowanie światopoglądu religijnego u dzieci i młodzieży. Analizowane są czynniki sprzyjające bądź utrudniające proces socjalizacji religijnej. Wyniki badań potwierdzają, że wiara religijna kształtuje się pod wpływem zarówno czynników kognitywnych, jak i społeczno-psychologicznych. Socjalizacja religijna jest procesem wieloczynnikowym – głównym agentem socjalizacji jest rodzina, jednak jej rola maleje wraz z wiekiem, ustępując miejsca wpływowi kultury, edukacji, rówieśników, mediów oraz wspólnot religijnych.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

Iryna Shevchenko, Olena Kordyuk — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In the global information society, a new economic system is actively being formed – a digital one. The global economy is actively using the advantages of digitization, which replaces old means of electronic communication, and which should be understood as the process of converting various information in all its forms (text, sound, graphics) into a digital format that is understandable modern devices. The article is devoted to consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the process of digitization of the educational sphere in Ukraine. The concept of "digitalization", its features and impact on the field of education is studied. The practical significance of the study lies in improving the understanding of the development process of digital transformation, its goals and impact on various areas of the economy. Attention is paid to educational platforms and software products that can be used for blended and distance learning.

NAIVE ART AS A MEANS OF EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION IN CONTEMPORARY VISUAL DESIGN

Yana Shtets, Oksana Melnyk — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The aim of the article is to prove the hypothesis that the use of naive art in visual design enhances the emotional impact on the audience and creates more effective communicative messages due to its immediacy and associative depth. The article examines naive art from the perspective of its figurative and emotional expressiveness. It considers ways to adapt naive art in graphic design, advertising, and illustration. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive analysis of theoretical sources in art history, design, and visual communications, structural-semiotic analysis of the artistic features of naive art, as well as a comparative study of the principles of its adaptation in graphic design. The study found that naive art, with its simplified forms, bright colors, and intuitive composition, creates a powerful emotional impact on the viewer. Its immediacy and lack of academic canons allow it to reflect deep archetypes of human perception, making it an effective means of visual communication. For the first time, a comprehensive study of the emotional expressiveness of naive art as an element of contemporary visual design has been conducted, including an analysis of its impact on various forms of visual communication, such as graphic design, advertising, illustration. The results obtained have practical significance for designers, advertising agencies, illustrators, and digital media specialists, as they provide an opportunity to integrate the principles of naive art into the development of visual concepts that meet the needs of the modern audience. This will allow you to design emotionally charged and understandable communication products for marketing campaigns, advertising materials, and other types of visual communication.

VISUAL EFFECTIVENESS OF SLOGANS IN THE GRAPHIC DESIGN OF WAR POSTERS

Andrii Strus — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The aim of the article is to prove the hypothesis regarding the relationship between the compositional and typographic features of slogans and the visual effectiveness of war posters. The study focuses on analyzing how the graphic parameters of the textual component – font, color, size, placement, and integration into the image – affect the perception of the propagandistic message. Special attention is given to typographic techniques that enhance emotional impact, such as contrast in font choices, the dynamics of text placement, the use of decorative elements, and symbolic associations. Both historical and contemporary examples of war-related visual communication are analyzed, allowing for an examination of the evolution of design approaches to slogan composition. The article explores the interplay between the verbal and visual components of a poster, ensuring its semantic integrity and enhancing communicative effectiveness. Emphasis is placed on techniques for creating persuasive slogans, including the use of imperative modality, symbolic metaphors, anaphoric constructions, and emotionally charged vocabulary. The study also examines the impact of propagandistic slogans on mass consciousness, particularly their ability to reinforce political and patriotic ideas. The research findings confirm that the graphic implementation of slogans not only amplifies their expressive meaning but also determines the overall character of the poster, its influence, and its effectiveness in mass communication.

PARTICULARS OF TERMS: FEATURES, FUNCTIONS, CLASSIFICATION

Hanna Udovichenko, Beatrysa Chvanova — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In today’s context of globalisation and active cooperation between different countries, the translation of terms, especially those related to professional activities, is of particular importance. Rapid developments in technology and changes in geopolitics lead to the emergence of new terms. Given that the Ukrainian language does not always have an equivalent, this complicates the translation process and requires the use of various translation strategies to achieve adequacy and accuracy. The objective of the research is to outline the main characteristics and functions of terms, taking into account their classification, and to determine the peculiarities of translating terms in accordance with these criteria. In the process of analysing the definitions of ‘term’, it was found that the most appropriate, especially for military terminology, is the definition by D. Lotte, which focuses on the unambiguity, brevity and inclusion of the term in the system. A term is a fundamental element of scientific and technical communication, providing accurate and unambiguous designation of concepts in professional and specialised discourse. Their origin, evolution, and structure reflect the linguistic dynamics and specificity of the field knowledge. Our study identifies the following features inherent in the terminological system: consistency, conciseness, stability, and standardisation. Terms form the basis of professional speech, playing a complex role in the system of scientific communication. As linguistic units, they are characterised by systematicity, which ensures the logical ordering of concepts within a particular field of knowledge. Due to their conciseness and precision, terms form a clear and unambiguous structure of knowledge, contributing to its effective transfer. Their stability and standardisation are the foundation for preserving the continuity of the scientific tradition, while creating the preconditions for international cooperation in the context of globalisation.

DEFINITION OF SUBJECT-PRACTICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL COMPETENCIES OF A PRESCHOOLER IN THE WORKS OF UKRAINIAN SCIENTISTS

Nataliia Volik, Olena Khomych — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This article provides a theoretical analysis of research on the development of subjectpractical and technological competencies in preschool children. The author argues that these competencies are intrinsically linked to education for sustainable development, emphasizing the role of environmentally responsible behavior in early childhood education as a foundation for human capital development. The study employs a theoretical analysis of scientific literature and a statistical analysis of the Google Scholar database from 2017 to 2024. The terminological field surrounding “subject-practical and technological competence of preschool children” is explored, with objectivity ensured through criteria such as concept definition, activity types, implementation methods, results, and study dates. Contradictions within the concepts across different researchers are identified. The article concludes by summarizing the current state of research and outlining future research directions in this area.

THE DEMISE OF THE DEACONESS MINISTRY OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH

Anna Zaika — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article shows that the concepts of deaconess, which persisted until the Middle Ages, will be synonymous with the word nun and will not be associated with a special female ministry, the final institutionalization and further existence of which became impossible due to the lack of its close connection with liturgical functions. The most important issue, which has not lost its relevance to this day in both academic and applied meaning, is the issue of institutionalizing women's church service, an alternative to both monastic and exclusively social. However, this issue should be recognized as closely connected not so much with the needs of modern society, but with the needs of the Church and the general church consciousness. In the course of research, we have analyzed the reasons of demise of deaconess ministry in the Eastern and Western traditions of the Ancient Church. In these texts there is a special importance was attached to features inherent in deaconesses, who are obliged to lead a strict pious life and perform certain ceremonial functions while attending divine services.

NATIONAL TRADITIONS OF DIPLOMACY AS THE KEY TO UKRAINE'S REVIVAL

Liudmyla Chekalenko, Andriy Kudriachenko — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The aim of this paper is to prove the hypothesis: the national expierience of Ukraine’sDiplomacy is a bases of future revival of Ukrainean State. The author examined all stages ofthe development of Ukraine’s diplomacy: from Kievan Rus to the nowadays. Chekalenko Liudmylaproved main concept of historical periodization of this process. The main idea of authoris based on a principally important concept of the formation and development of the foreignpolicy paradigm of Ukraine during a significant historical period of Ukrainian statehood. Ourstate, same as its policy, originates from the Trypillya culture, develops through the Skiff eraand forms a powerful Kyievan Rus.The author proved that the roots of tolerance, respect for each other, non-interference inthe internal affairs of other states, diplomatic protocol, etc. have been laid in Ukrainian diplomacysince ancient times in the Byzantine Empire.This is in those times that not only the general concept of the world and human existencebut also the principles of international existence, patriotism, humanism, tolerance, conventionalrelations and diplomacy by Bizantic influence were formed on our lands. Next period that coversthe times of Cossack State contains a lot of elements of the statehood and foreign policyactivity of those times that were inherited and developed by the Cossack Army.Ukrainian Diplomacy during the Cossack state period, according to the author, initiatedthe military foundations of diplomatic means and foreign policy decisions. The author came tothis conclusion after analyzing numerous documents from the era of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi'shetmanship.The period of the years 1917–1920 is marked by the struggle for the independence of theUkrainian state, civilized entrance into the world of international relations, use of diplomaticmeans and methods to defend the Ukrainian interests. The article proves that the Diplomacy ofUkraine in 1917–1920 acquired signs of Europeanness and modernity, which meets the criteria of international law laid down in the diplomatic foundation of the development of the state'sforeign policy structures.In the period of Soviet existence, the forms of international activity of Ukraine withinthe USSR were being under review. Ukraine was deprived of its own foreign policy and diplomacy,and was completely dependent on Moscow. Unfortunately, at that times Ukraine wasmore often not a subject but object of the foreign policy and deplomacy in the above-mentionedperiods when the овідаєThe problem was compounded by the fact that throughout the centuries of its rule, theRussian Empire did not recognize the existence of the Ukrainian people and Ukraine, its culture,language, and traditions. The tsarist centuries were supplemented by 70 years of Sovietpower, when the communist party ruled the U.S.S.R. Textbooks were written specifically aboutthe history of the Soviet russia and not about Ukraine. Only with the independence of Ukrainedid it become possible to write and publish our own Ukrainian textbooks about the objectivehistory of our people.

THE ROLE OF AN ATTORNEY-AT-LAW IN OUT-OF-COURT DISPUTE RESOLUTION: MEDIATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TOOL FOR PROTECTING INTERESTS

Sviatoslav Demchenko — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the analysis of mediation as a modern out-of-court, effective tool for dispute resolution and improvement of relations between parties to legal relations and the role of an attorney-at-law in the application of such a tool. Today, in the context of a full-scale war and russia's armed aggression against Ukraine, which has put the Ukrainian statehood, including the judicial system, in a difficult position, the issue of mediation is more relevant than ever, since this out-of-court procedure allows resolving conflict situations between parties to legal relations with minimal involvement of the judiciary. Mediation as an alternative dispute resolution procedure has become widespread in many countries around the world, including the United States and developed countries of the European Union. The author relates the beginning of the development of the mediation procedure in Ukraine to the adoption of the Law of Ukraine ‘On Mediation’ No. 1875-IX dated 16 November 2021 (hereinafter – the Law on Mediation), which entered into force on 15 December 2021. In the author's opinion, it was from that moment on that the attorney-at-law, as a person engaged in professional representation of interests, had another obligation – to critically examine the prospects for protecting the client's interests both in court and out of court (alternative) procedures. The results of the study confirm the importance and effectiveness of mediation as an outof-court tool in the hands of a lawyer in conflict resolution.

GLOBAL CRISES AND THEIR IMPACT ON INTERNATIONAL HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS

Anna Maksymenko — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of global crises, particularly the war in Ukraine, on the operation and sustainability of the hotel and restaurant industry. The study examines how armed conflicts disrupt tourism flows, supply chains, financial stability, and customer demand in hospitality businesses. The focus is placed on the Ukrainian hospitality sector, which has experienced significant losses due to the ongoing war. The study explores the challenges faced by hotels and restaurants, including security threats, workforce shortages, infrastructure destruction, and financial instability. Furthermore, it evaluates adaptive strategies such as digitalization, crisis management innovations, and the transformation of business models in response to war-induced disruptions. The methodological approach incorporates general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction), statistical assessment of industry performance, and expert interviews. The findings highlight the urgent need for government support, international aid, and strategic policy adjustments to facilitate the recovery of Ukraine's hospitality sector. The research contributes to a broader understanding of how hospitality businesses can survive and adapt in times of geopolitical instability.

GENDER-ROLE SOCIALIZATION OF YOUTH IN CONTEMPORARY CONDITIONS

Yaroslav Mudryi, Olena Mudra — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article examines the factors that influence the process of shaping an individual as a representative of a particular gender and that determine the behaviours of individuals as men or women. It explores approaches by foreign and domestic scholars in defining the terms “genderrole socialization” and “gender socialization” , as well as related concepts of “sex” and “gender.” The primary stages of the gender-role, or gender socialization process, are described, including primary socialization, which begins at birth and ends at adulthood, and secondary gender socialization, which begins during social maturity and continues throughout life. The factors affecting a child’s personality development are characterized. The most significant agent of a child’s gender socialization is the family, as children consciously and subconsciously model their behaviour after their parents, internalizing gender roles and aspects of inter-gender relationships. Another factor influencing gender-role socialization is the presence of older or younger siblings and whether the child is raised in a complete or single parent family. Peer groups, school environments, and mass media also affect the internalization of social values, as specific norms and behaviour patterns and the acquisition of formal and informal knowledge regarding theories and practices of gender behaviour stereotypes.

POST-COLONIAL INDIA: RETHINKING POLITICS, ECONOMY AND CULTURE

Iryna Petlenko — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Analysis of post-colonial practices of modern India, which are based on critical re-evaluation of the colonial heritage and formation of an independent, authentic national identity. The rationale for the research article is dictated by the need to conceptualize the experience of decolonization of India, which is a unique example of the confluence of traditions and modernization. General scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and description, as well as historical, sociological and political science tools were applied to analyze how the confluence of the revival of traditions and modernization reforms helped India create a unique model of post-colonial development. The post-colonial practices of India encompass decolonization of political institutions, economic strategies, and cultural narratives. The main achievements were adoption of legislative instruments that promoted social equality, development of democratic principles adapted to a multicultural society, and support of the idea of “unity in diversity”. In the cultural sphere, the revival of traditions is complemented by the struggle for cultural autonomy and overcoming of colonial ideologies. The creation of a civil national identity has become an important tool for overcoming interethnic and religious cleavages. The experience of India demonstrates how combining the modernization reforms with the revival of national traditions can contribute to successful post-colonial transformation.

MILITARY DIGITAL BUSINESS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT

Olena Rybytska, Eldar Fedorenko — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The relevance of the problem of conducting digital military records management is growing in the face of modern technological challenges, as military structures are increasingly switching to digital platforms for processing documents and information. However, this process faces several difficulties, such as insufficient integration of electronic systems, the lack of a unified regulatory framework, and technical problems related to data security. The purpose of the work is to study the complexities of digital records management in Ukrainian military units, as well as to develop proposals for solving the issue under study. To achieve this goal, methods of analyzing regulatory acts, comparative analysis of international experience, and expert surveys were used. The results of the study showed that the main difficulties are the low efficiency of existing software tools, the lack of a unified standard for processing electronic documents, as well as the imperfection of the regulatory framework that does not regulate specific requirements for military records management. It was also noted that military units violate procedures for complying with data security standards, which is a potential threat to information confidentiality. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that proposals for improving regulatory legal acts and introducing new technologies can help ensure more efficient and secure digital military record-keeping in Ukraine.

DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE DIGITALIZATION OF FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGIES IN UKRAINE

Stanislav Sieriebriak — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article analyzes the essence of the state regulation of digitalization of the financial system of the state, taking into account the changing political and economic situation in Ukraine. The main conceptual approaches to the definition of basic terms are considered, and the features and purpose of digitalization of financial technologists are defined. The peculiarities of the formation of the Fintech system are clarified. It is determined that the financial technology industry includes many tools, including: computers, smartphones, tablets, cloud technologies, artificial intelligence, machine learning, augmented and virtual reality, and many others. It is concluded that the process of digitalization of financial technologies is at the stage of its development and requires adjustment of its individual directions. It is determined that in Ukraine, digital financial services are provided by three types of companies: traditional financial institutions, startups that introduce new formats of financial services, and large technology companies that are actively expanding their presence in the financial sector. The main factors that influence the development or inhibition of the development of the digitalization system of the financial technology industry are considered. The main measures that will contribute to the digitalization of the financial sector at both the global and national levels are highlighted. The author proposes priority areas for improving the processes of digitalization of the financial sector in Ukraine, among which an important, key role is played by the creation of an appropriate system of legal support for these processes.

INCONSISTENCY AS A RISK FACTOR: NEW CHALLENGES IN INTERNATIONAL COMPLIANCE, LAW, AND TRADE-TARIFF REGULATION

Nadiia Zhukova — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In the context of global transformation processes in international politics and economics, the instability and occasional irrationality of legal frameworks governing international relations have a substantial impact on global trade and law enforcement. This article explores inconsistency as a risk factor from the perspective of international compliance, law, and trade-tariff regulation. In particular, it focuses on changes in international trade, sanctions policies, tariff regimes, as well as abrupt shifts in guidelines and legislation in some countries that have a significant impact on global trade. The article analyzes potential risks for companies involved in international trade, especially those with operations spanning multiple regions of the world. Practical recommendations for managing risks in the context of legal instability are also proposed. The methodology includes a comparative analysis of the approaches to regulation in the United States and the European Union in the given context, content analysis of legislative and regulatory acts, as well as an examination of hypothetical cases of companies facing legal uncertainty, using a systemic approach to identify connections between political decisions and economic consequences.

EFFECT OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL BACTERIOPHAGE ON BIOFILMS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT TO CEFOTAXIME AND AZITHROMYCIN DEPENDING ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THEIR MATRIX

Yelyzaveta Vorobiei — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Removal of mature biofilms is the main task of therapy, because biofilms are the basement of the pathogenic process. An influence on staphylococcal biofilms can be done by destruction of extracellular matrix. Phages produce a depolymerase that can destroy the exopolysaccharide matrix of biofilms. This treatment is more effective than standard antibiotic therapy. It was showed that the effect of the drug "Bacteriophage staphylococcal liquid" on biofilms of sensitive to cefotaxime and azithromycin strains, characterized by decreasing of absorbance level of eluted dye on 19.1%. A more significant effect of the bacteriophage was found for biofilms of strains resistant to cefotaxime and azithromycin (33.9% decrease in optical density). Study the composition of biofilms matrix based on the specific destruction of its components. It was found that the main component in the biofilm matrix of the studied strains is exopolysaccharides, and their amount is 12.02% higher than in the antibiotic-resistant strain. Аfter treatment with sodium periodate the decreasing of optical density of eluted dye at 47.00±2.87% for antibiotic sensitive strain and 59.02±2.10% – for resistant strain. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the phages drugs use to control the growth of biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus strains, the matrix of that consisting of a large number of exopolysaccharide.

CIRCULAR ECONOMY: CONCEPT, PRINCIPLES AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION AT PASSENGER TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE

Iaroslava Nazarenko — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article examines the concept of circular economy, its basic principles, barriers and opportunities for implementation at passenger transport enterprises in Ukraine. It is determined that the transition to a circular model in the transport sector is a strategically important direction of development. It helps to optimise the use of resources, increase energy efficiency, minimise waste and reduce the negative impact on the environment. The author examines the key advantages of circular business models, including the introduction of resource reuse technologies, the use of renewable energy sources, the development of environmentally friendly public transport, and the reduction of operating costs and the increase of competitiveness of enterprises. The article examines the key barriers that impede the transition to a circular economy in the transport sector. These barriers include high initial investment costs, technological limitations, outdated infrastructure, insufficient regulatory support, and social factors such as low public awareness and resistance to change. The article aims to explore the concept and principles of the circular economy model, as well as its barriers and potential for implementation in passenger transport enterprises. The following methods were used in the study: generalisation – in studying the essence of the concept and principles of the circular economy; analysis and synthesis – in the scientific substantiation of the implementation of the principles and business models of the circular economy at passenger transport enterprises; systematic approach – in the process of identifying barriers that complicate the transition to the circular economy in the field of passenger transport.