PROBLEMS OF HORSE BREEDING DEVELOPMENT IN PEASANT FARMS IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE (1860s – 1910s)
Keywords:
horse trade, fairs, workhorse, agricultural entrepreneurship, farmer, state stables
Abstract
The paper analyzes the state of development of horse breeding in the peasant farms of the South of Ukraine in the post-reform period. The dynamics of quantitative development of the industry is traced. The relationship between the increase in the number of horses and the growth of the population and farms in the region has been established. It is proved that the peasants were the main owners of horses. The thesis about the “peasant” nature of horse breeding in the South of Ukraine is argued. It was found that the use of work horses in farming contributed to the development of the industry. Government measures to encourage the development of local horse breeding have been traced: creation of a network of state stables and copulation stations in order to improve the quality characteristics of work horses, holding exhibitions, etc. The price level and place of equestrian trade in the region are analysed. Attention is focused on the lack of “entrepreneurial” horse breeding in the region, the excessive situational nature of the horse trade among the peasants, and its local centers – fairs were clarified. The reasons and factors that led to the decline of the industry in the South of Ukraine are analyzed: high cost, low level of knowledge and culture on keeping, care, breeding horses, etc.
References
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16. Kandelaki, I. (1914). Rol yarmarok v russkoj torgovle [The role of fairs in Russian trade]. Sankt-Petersburg: Redaktsiya periodicheskih izdaniy Ministerstva finansov. [in Russian]
17. Kaufman, A. A. (1917). Voprosy ekonomiki i statistiki krestyanskogo hozyajstva [Issues of economics and statistics of the peasant economy]. (Issue 1). Moscow: Izdanie G.A. Lemana i S.I. Saharova. [in Russian]
18. Kherson Provincial Statistical Committee. (1863). Materialy dlya geografii i statistiki Hersonskoj gubernii. In Trudy Hersonskogo gubernskogo statisticheskogo komiteta [Proceedings of the Kherson Provincial Statistical Committee]. (Book 1. Part 1). Kherson: Gubernskaya tipografiya. [in Russian]
19. Markov (Ed.), Dubenskij, D. N. (Comp.) (1903). Konevye sredstva Evropejskoj Rossii: Obsledovanie sovremennogo sostoyaniya konnozavodstva i konevodstva gubernij Evropejskoj Rossii, s istoricheskim ocherkom) [Horses means European Russia: A survey of the current state of horse breeding and horse breeding in the provinces of European Russia, with a historical sketch]. Sankt-Peterburg: Voennaya tipografiya [in Russian]
20. Mel’nikova, D. A. (2017). Konskaya torgovlya v Rossijskoj imperii vo vtoroj polovine XIX – nachale XX vv. [Horse-trading of Russian Empire in the second half of XIX – at the beginning of the XX c.], History of everyday life, 42-51 [in Russian]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/konskaya-torgovlya-v-rossiyskoy-imperii-vo-vtoroy-polovine-xix-nachale-xx-vv (accessed May 12, 2021)
21. Merder, I. K. (1878). Spisok chastnyh konskih zavodov v Rossii [Collection of information about the trade in horses and a list of horse farms in Russia]. Sankt-Peterburg: Tipografiya E. Metciga [in Russian]
22. Ostrovskij, A.V. (2014). Zhivotnovodstvo Evropejskoj Rossii v konce XIX –nachale XX v. [Livestock raising in European Russia at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century]. Sankt-Peterburg: OOO “Poltorak” [in Russian]
23. Pamyatnaya knizhka Ekaterinoslavskoj gubernii na 1867 god [Commemorative book of the Yekaterinoslav province for 1867] (1867). (Part 2). Ekaterinoslav: Tipografiya Gubernskogo pravleniya. [in Russian]
24. Skalkovskij, A.A. (1853). Opyit statisticheskogo opisaniya Novorossiyskogo kraya [Experience of statistical description of the Novorossiysk region]. (Part 2). Odessa: Tipografiya Frantsova i Nitche. [in Russian]
25. Svistula, O. V. (2015). Koniarstvo na Pivdni Ukrainy: istorychnyi ekskurs [Horse breeding in the South of Ukraine: a historical excursion]. Tvarynnytstvo ta tekhnolohii kharchovykh produktiv, 207, 63-73. URL: http://journals.nubip.edu.ua/index.php/Tekhnologiya/article/view/5586/5496 (accessed May 5, 2021). [in Ukrainian]
26. Urusov, S. P. (1911). Kniga o loshadi [A book about a horse]. (Vol. 1). Sankt-Peterburg: Russkoe knizhnoe tovarishestvo Deyatel. [in Russian]
27. Urusov, S. P. (1905). Krestyanskoe konevodstvo, ego sovremennoe sostoyanie i puti k uluchsheniyu [Peasant horse breeding, its current state and ways to improve]. In Trudy oblastnogo sezda po zhivotnovodstvu s 14 po 24 sentyabrya 1903 g. v gorode Harkove [Proceedings of the regional congress on animal husbandry from 14 to 24 September 1903 in the city of Kharkov].
28. Kharkov: Centralnaya Hromo-Tipo-Litografiya “Varshavchik”. (Vol. 2). [in Russian]
29. Verner, K. A. (Ed.) (1889). Sbornik statisticheskih svedenij po Tavricheskoj gubernii. Pamyatnaya knizhka Tavricheskoj gubernii [Collection of statistical data on the Tavriya province. Memorable book of the Tauvriya province]. (Vol. 9). Simferopol: Tipografiya gazety “Krym”. [in Russian]
30. Veterinarnoe upravlenie Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del (1915a). Predvaritelnye dannye o chislennosti domashnih zhivotnyh v Rossijskoj imperii v 1913 g. [ Preliminary data on the number of domestic animals in the Russian Empire in 1913]. Petrograd: MVD [in Russian]
31. Veterinarnoe upravlenie Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del (1915b). Predvaritelnye dannye o chislennosti i uboe zhivotnyh v Rossijskoj imperii v 1914 g. [Preliminary data on the number and slaughter of animals in the Russian Empire in 1914]. Petrograd: MVD [in Russian]
32. Volos, O.V. (2012). Z istorii pryvatnoho kinnozavodstva Khersonskoi hubernii (II polovyna 19 – pochatok 20 stolittia) [From the history of private horse breeding in Kherson province (second half of the 19 – beginning of the 20 century]. Ukrainian peasant, 13, 99–102. [in Ukrainian]
33. Zaderejchuk, A.A. (2010). Falc Fejny v Tavrii [Falz-Feins in Tavria]. Simferopol: Dolya. [in Russian]
34. Zertsalov, S.A. (1892). Stepnoe skotovodstvo v Novorossijskom krae, ego proshloe i nastoyashee [Steppe cattle breeding in the Novorossiysk region, its past and present]. Odessa: Slavyanskaya tipografiya N. Hrisogelos. [in Russian]
2. Bojko, V.V. (2013). Razvitie konevodstva i konnozavodstva v Tavricheskoj gubernii vo vtoroj polovine 19 – nachale 20 veka [The development of horse breeding and horse breeding in the Tauride province in the second half of the 19 – early 20 century]. Nauchnye vedomosti. Seriya Istoriya. Politologiya. Ekonomika. Informatika, 22 (165), 110–114. [in Russian]
3. Bystrickij, N.S. (Comp.) (1889). Pamyatnaya kniga i Adres-kalendar Ekaterinoslavskoj gubernii na 1889 god [Commemorative book and Address-calendar of the Ekaterinoslav province for 1889]. Ekaterinoslav: Tipografiya Gubernskogo Pravleniya. [in Russian]
4. Centralnyj Statisticheskij Komitet Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del (1891). Voenno-konskaya perepis 1888 goda [Military horse census of 1888]. Sankt-Peterburg: CSK MVD. [in Russian]
5. Centralnyj Statisticheskij Komitet Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del (1894). Voenno-konskaya perepis 1891 goda [Military horse census of 1891]. Sankt-Peterburg: CSK MVD. [in Russian]
6. Centralnyj Statisticheskij Komitet Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del (1901). Svedeniya o kolichestve skota v 1900 g. Po dannym volostnyh pravlenij i uezdnoj policii [Information about the number of livestock in 1900: According to the volost boards and the district police]. Sankt-Peterburg: Tipografiya AO Pechatnogo Dela E. Evdokimova [in Russian]
7. Centralnyj Statisticheskij Komitet Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del (1914). Voenno-konskaya perepis 1912 g. [Military horse census of 1912]. Petrograd: CSK MVD. [in Russian]
8. Chirvinskij, N. P. (1902). Chastnoe skotovodstvo i skotovrachevanie [Private cattle breeding and cattle treatment]. In Uchebnik skotovodstva i skotovrachevaniya dlya nizshih selskohozyajstvennyh uchebnyh zavedenij [Textbook of cattle breeding and cattle treatment for lower agricultural schools]. (Vol. 2). St. Petersburg: A.F. Devrien. [in Russian]
9. Denisov, V. I. (1911). Yarmarki [Fairs]. Sankt-Petersburg: V.O. Kirshbaum. [in Russian]
10. Departament Zemledeliya i Selskoj Promyshlennosti (1884). Svedeniya za osennij period i obshij obzor goda. In 1883 god v selskohozyajstvennom otnoshenii po otvetam, poluchennym ot hozyaev [1883 in the agricultural relation according to the answers received from the owners]. (Issue 3). Sankt-Peterburg: Tipografiya V. Bezobrazova i K°. [in Russian]
11. Dubenskij, D. N. (1903). Konevye sredstva Evropejskoj Rossii: Obsledovanie sovremennogo sostoyaniya konnozavodstva i konevodstva gubernij Evropejskoj Rossii s istoricheskim ocherkom [Horses means European Russia: A survey of the current state of horse breeding and horse breeding in the provinces of European Russia, with a historical sketch]. Sankt-Peterburg: Glavnyj shtab. [in Russian]
12. Giber-von-Greifenfels, A.W. (1897). Konevodstvo i konnozavodstvo v imeniyah naslednika Falc-Fejna Tavricheskoj gubernii Dneprovskogo uezda. [Horse breeding in the estates of the heir of Falz-Fein of the Tavriya province of the Dniprovsky district]. Odessa: Tipografiya Ganperina i Shvejcera. [in Russian]
13. Glavnoe upravlenie Gosudarstvennogo Konnozavodstva [Main Directorate of State Horse Breeding,] (1867). Pamyatnaya knizhka po Glavnomu upravleniyu gosudarstvennogo konnozavodstva na 1867 god [Commemorative Book of the Main Directorate of State Horse Breeding for 1867]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya E. Metciga [in Russian].
14. Glavnoe Upravlenie Konnogo Zavodstva (1884). Konskaya perepis 1882 goda [Horse Census of 1882]. Sankt-Peterburg: Tipografiya Mesnika i Rimana [in Russian]
15. Glavnoe Upravlenie zemleustrojstva i zemledeliya (1916). Mestnye ceny na polevye proizvedeniya, skot i produkty zhivotnovodstva : srednie za pyat let, 1909-1913 gg. i v 1915 godu. In 1915 god v selskohozyajstvennom otnoshenii po otvetam, poluchennym ot hozyaev [1883 god v selskohozyajstvennom otnoshenii po otvetam, poluchennym ot hozyaev]. (Issue 6. Part 2). Petrograd: Tipografiya V. F. Kirshbauma [in Russian].
16. Kandelaki, I. (1914). Rol yarmarok v russkoj torgovle [The role of fairs in Russian trade]. Sankt-Petersburg: Redaktsiya periodicheskih izdaniy Ministerstva finansov. [in Russian]
17. Kaufman, A. A. (1917). Voprosy ekonomiki i statistiki krestyanskogo hozyajstva [Issues of economics and statistics of the peasant economy]. (Issue 1). Moscow: Izdanie G.A. Lemana i S.I. Saharova. [in Russian]
18. Kherson Provincial Statistical Committee. (1863). Materialy dlya geografii i statistiki Hersonskoj gubernii. In Trudy Hersonskogo gubernskogo statisticheskogo komiteta [Proceedings of the Kherson Provincial Statistical Committee]. (Book 1. Part 1). Kherson: Gubernskaya tipografiya. [in Russian]
19. Markov (Ed.), Dubenskij, D. N. (Comp.) (1903). Konevye sredstva Evropejskoj Rossii: Obsledovanie sovremennogo sostoyaniya konnozavodstva i konevodstva gubernij Evropejskoj Rossii, s istoricheskim ocherkom) [Horses means European Russia: A survey of the current state of horse breeding and horse breeding in the provinces of European Russia, with a historical sketch]. Sankt-Peterburg: Voennaya tipografiya [in Russian]
20. Mel’nikova, D. A. (2017). Konskaya torgovlya v Rossijskoj imperii vo vtoroj polovine XIX – nachale XX vv. [Horse-trading of Russian Empire in the second half of XIX – at the beginning of the XX c.], History of everyday life, 42-51 [in Russian]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/konskaya-torgovlya-v-rossiyskoy-imperii-vo-vtoroy-polovine-xix-nachale-xx-vv (accessed May 12, 2021)
21. Merder, I. K. (1878). Spisok chastnyh konskih zavodov v Rossii [Collection of information about the trade in horses and a list of horse farms in Russia]. Sankt-Peterburg: Tipografiya E. Metciga [in Russian]
22. Ostrovskij, A.V. (2014). Zhivotnovodstvo Evropejskoj Rossii v konce XIX –nachale XX v. [Livestock raising in European Russia at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century]. Sankt-Peterburg: OOO “Poltorak” [in Russian]
23. Pamyatnaya knizhka Ekaterinoslavskoj gubernii na 1867 god [Commemorative book of the Yekaterinoslav province for 1867] (1867). (Part 2). Ekaterinoslav: Tipografiya Gubernskogo pravleniya. [in Russian]
24. Skalkovskij, A.A. (1853). Opyit statisticheskogo opisaniya Novorossiyskogo kraya [Experience of statistical description of the Novorossiysk region]. (Part 2). Odessa: Tipografiya Frantsova i Nitche. [in Russian]
25. Svistula, O. V. (2015). Koniarstvo na Pivdni Ukrainy: istorychnyi ekskurs [Horse breeding in the South of Ukraine: a historical excursion]. Tvarynnytstvo ta tekhnolohii kharchovykh produktiv, 207, 63-73. URL: http://journals.nubip.edu.ua/index.php/Tekhnologiya/article/view/5586/5496 (accessed May 5, 2021). [in Ukrainian]
26. Urusov, S. P. (1911). Kniga o loshadi [A book about a horse]. (Vol. 1). Sankt-Peterburg: Russkoe knizhnoe tovarishestvo Deyatel. [in Russian]
27. Urusov, S. P. (1905). Krestyanskoe konevodstvo, ego sovremennoe sostoyanie i puti k uluchsheniyu [Peasant horse breeding, its current state and ways to improve]. In Trudy oblastnogo sezda po zhivotnovodstvu s 14 po 24 sentyabrya 1903 g. v gorode Harkove [Proceedings of the regional congress on animal husbandry from 14 to 24 September 1903 in the city of Kharkov].
28. Kharkov: Centralnaya Hromo-Tipo-Litografiya “Varshavchik”. (Vol. 2). [in Russian]
29. Verner, K. A. (Ed.) (1889). Sbornik statisticheskih svedenij po Tavricheskoj gubernii. Pamyatnaya knizhka Tavricheskoj gubernii [Collection of statistical data on the Tavriya province. Memorable book of the Tauvriya province]. (Vol. 9). Simferopol: Tipografiya gazety “Krym”. [in Russian]
30. Veterinarnoe upravlenie Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del (1915a). Predvaritelnye dannye o chislennosti domashnih zhivotnyh v Rossijskoj imperii v 1913 g. [ Preliminary data on the number of domestic animals in the Russian Empire in 1913]. Petrograd: MVD [in Russian]
31. Veterinarnoe upravlenie Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del (1915b). Predvaritelnye dannye o chislennosti i uboe zhivotnyh v Rossijskoj imperii v 1914 g. [Preliminary data on the number and slaughter of animals in the Russian Empire in 1914]. Petrograd: MVD [in Russian]
32. Volos, O.V. (2012). Z istorii pryvatnoho kinnozavodstva Khersonskoi hubernii (II polovyna 19 – pochatok 20 stolittia) [From the history of private horse breeding in Kherson province (second half of the 19 – beginning of the 20 century]. Ukrainian peasant, 13, 99–102. [in Ukrainian]
33. Zaderejchuk, A.A. (2010). Falc Fejny v Tavrii [Falz-Feins in Tavria]. Simferopol: Dolya. [in Russian]
34. Zertsalov, S.A. (1892). Stepnoe skotovodstvo v Novorossijskom krae, ego proshloe i nastoyashee [Steppe cattle breeding in the Novorossiysk region, its past and present]. Odessa: Slavyanskaya tipografiya N. Hrisogelos. [in Russian]
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Published
2021-08-26
How to Cite
Chernikova, N. (2021). PROBLEMS OF HORSE BREEDING DEVELOPMENT IN PEASANT FARMS IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE (1860s – 1910s). Scientific Journal of Polonia University, 45(2), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.23856/4504
Section
LANGUAGE, CULTURE, COMMUNICATION
