COOPERATION BETWEEN THE MEMBERS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN PROTECTION OF CULTURAL VALUES
Keywords:
European Union, Single European Market, harmonisation of law, export of cultural values, import of cultural values, return of cultural goods
Abstract
In the provisions of the scientific article, the author analyzes the formation of cooperation between the Member States of the European Community in the field of protection of cultural property since the introduction of the single European market in 1993 and to the present day. This study presents the formation of cooperation in the field of export of cultural values. It was found that special control has been established, and the criteria for issuing licenses for the export of cultural property are the items’ age and value. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of legal regulation and cooperation in the field of return of cultural objects illegally moved from the territory of an EU member state. It is determined that in order to combat the illicit trafficking of cultural property, the current legislation has expanded opportunities for cooperation and exchange of information between Member States. Greater emphasis is placed on the development of cooperation in the field of import of cultural values from non-EU countries, which provides for the creation of a centralized electronic database of imported cultural values.
References
1. Council Directive 93/7/EEC of 15 March 1993 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31993L0007
2. Council Regulation (EC) № 116/2009 of 18 December 2008 on the export of cultural goods (Codified version). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2009/116/oj
3. Council Regulation (EEC) № 3911/92 of 9 December 1992 on the export of cultural goods (No longer in force). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31992R3911
4. Directive 2014/60/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 (Recast). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32014L00 60
5. Directive 2018/843 EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive (EU) 2015/849 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, and amending Directives 2009/138/EC and 2013/36/EU (Text with EEA relevance). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L _.2018.156.01.0043.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2018:156:TOC
6. Frigo, M. (2016). The Implementation of Directive 2014/60/EU and the Problems of the Compliance of Italian Legislation with International and EU Law. Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2, 71-84.
7. Górka, M. (2016). "Directive 2014/60: A New Legal Framework for Ensuring the Return of Cultural Objects within the European Union". Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2, 27-34.
8. Heese, M. (2016). The Implementation of Directive 2014/60/EU in the Netherlands. Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2, 103-118.
9. Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council «Towards an EU strategy for international cultural relations». Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=JOIN%3A2016%3A29%3AFIN
10. Kotys, O. (2013). Pravovi zasady zakhystu kulturnykh tsinnostei v ramkakh Yevropeiskoho Soiuzu [Legal bases of protection of cultural values within the European Union]. Aktualni problemy mizhnarodnykh vidnosyn,115, 176-181. [in Ukrainian].
11. List of authorities empowered to issue export licences for cultural goods, published in accordance with Article 3(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 116/2009. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex:52009 XC0716(02)
12. List of customs offices empowered to handle formalities for the exportation of cultural goods, published in accordance with Article 5(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 116/09. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?Uri =celex:52009XC0613(02)
13. Melnychuk, O. (2011). Pravovi zasady okhorony kulturnoi spadshchyny v Yevropeiskomu Soiuzi [Legal basis for the protection of cultural heritage in the European Union]. Naukovyi visnyk Akademii munitsypalnoho upravlinnia. Seriia : Pravo, 1, 264-271. [in Ukrainian].
14. Peters, R. (2016). "The Protection of Cultural Property: Recent Developments in Germany in the Context of New EU Law and the 1970 UNESCO Convention". Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2, 85-102.
15. Regulation 2019/880 EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the introduction and the import of cultural goods. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2019.151.01.0001.01.ENG
16. Shulgovskaya, V. (2013). Zakonodatelstvo Evropejskogo Soyuza v sfere regulirovaniya peremesheniya kulturnyh cennostej i ego pravoprimenenie tamozhennymi organami [European Union legislation in the field of regulation of the movement of cultural property and its enforcement by the customs authorities]. Retrieved from https://elib.bsu.by/bitstream/123456789/89422/1/shulgovskaya _Customs_SNIL_V1.pdf [in Russian].
17. The 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/fighttrafficking/1970
2. Council Regulation (EC) № 116/2009 of 18 December 2008 on the export of cultural goods (Codified version). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2009/116/oj
3. Council Regulation (EEC) № 3911/92 of 9 December 1992 on the export of cultural goods (No longer in force). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31992R3911
4. Directive 2014/60/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 (Recast). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32014L00 60
5. Directive 2018/843 EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive (EU) 2015/849 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, and amending Directives 2009/138/EC and 2013/36/EU (Text with EEA relevance). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L _.2018.156.01.0043.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2018:156:TOC
6. Frigo, M. (2016). The Implementation of Directive 2014/60/EU and the Problems of the Compliance of Italian Legislation with International and EU Law. Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2, 71-84.
7. Górka, M. (2016). "Directive 2014/60: A New Legal Framework for Ensuring the Return of Cultural Objects within the European Union". Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2, 27-34.
8. Heese, M. (2016). The Implementation of Directive 2014/60/EU in the Netherlands. Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2, 103-118.
9. Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council «Towards an EU strategy for international cultural relations». Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=JOIN%3A2016%3A29%3AFIN
10. Kotys, O. (2013). Pravovi zasady zakhystu kulturnykh tsinnostei v ramkakh Yevropeiskoho Soiuzu [Legal bases of protection of cultural values within the European Union]. Aktualni problemy mizhnarodnykh vidnosyn,115, 176-181. [in Ukrainian].
11. List of authorities empowered to issue export licences for cultural goods, published in accordance with Article 3(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 116/2009. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex:52009 XC0716(02)
12. List of customs offices empowered to handle formalities for the exportation of cultural goods, published in accordance with Article 5(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 116/09. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?Uri =celex:52009XC0613(02)
13. Melnychuk, O. (2011). Pravovi zasady okhorony kulturnoi spadshchyny v Yevropeiskomu Soiuzi [Legal basis for the protection of cultural heritage in the European Union]. Naukovyi visnyk Akademii munitsypalnoho upravlinnia. Seriia : Pravo, 1, 264-271. [in Ukrainian].
14. Peters, R. (2016). "The Protection of Cultural Property: Recent Developments in Germany in the Context of New EU Law and the 1970 UNESCO Convention". Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2, 85-102.
15. Regulation 2019/880 EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the introduction and the import of cultural goods. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2019.151.01.0001.01.ENG
16. Shulgovskaya, V. (2013). Zakonodatelstvo Evropejskogo Soyuza v sfere regulirovaniya peremesheniya kulturnyh cennostej i ego pravoprimenenie tamozhennymi organami [European Union legislation in the field of regulation of the movement of cultural property and its enforcement by the customs authorities]. Retrieved from https://elib.bsu.by/bitstream/123456789/89422/1/shulgovskaya _Customs_SNIL_V1.pdf [in Russian].
17. The 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/fighttrafficking/1970
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Published
2022-01-17
How to Cite
Shulha, V. (2022). COOPERATION BETWEEN THE MEMBERS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN PROTECTION OF CULTURAL VALUES. Scientific Journal of Polonia University, 47(4), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.23856/4716
Section
INNOVATION, WORK, SOCIETY
