A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN MILITARY ORGANIZATION FROM MASCULINE TO GENDER-NEUTRAL
Keywords:
gender, integration, dissonance, positive discrimination, feminization of armed forces, emotions.
Abstract
The article presents the results of an empirical study of gender relations in the Ukrainian armed forces as one of the conflict zones, in which difficulties may arise during service. The study of correlation between the male service members’ psychological well-being and the change of the military organization nature from masculine to gender-neutral can tackle the occupational segregation related to gender inequality and facilitate the creation of a balanced perspective for both genders in order to achieve more comprehensive decisions on gender equality in the armed forces. The study revealed a correlation between the level of cadets’ psychological wellbeing and the process of integrating women into the armed forces of Ukraine. The integration of women into the military contributes to the psychological well-being of those cadets who perceive a female soldier as a bearer of the core values that constitute the essence of military service, and consider a female soldier as an equal member of the military collective. However, for another part of cadets the feminization of the army brings about the preconditions for experiencing negative emotions and, consequently, diminishes cadets’ psychological wellbeing. The reason of men’s negative emotions can be dissonance caused by biased thinking based on gender role stereotypes, but it can also have reasonable grounds. The main reason for the cadets’ lack of psychological well-being is the sense of injustice caused by the privileged position of women in the army in the distribution of duties, functions, responsibilities.
References
1. Apresyan, Y.D. (1995). Konnotacii kak chast pragmatiki slova [Connotations as a part of word pragmatics]. In Selected Works. Integral description of language and system lexicography (Vol. 6, pp. 156–176). Moscow: School “Languages of Russian culture”.
2. Bartone, P., Bowles, S. (2020). Coping with recruiter stress: Hardiness, performance and well-being in US Army recruiters. Military Psychology, 32, 390–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 08995605.2020.1780061
3. Bowles, S.V. (2017). Well-Being in the Military. In: Bowles S., Bartone P. (eds) Handbook of Military Psychology (pp. 213–238). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 319-66192-6_14
4. Burke, R.J. & Black, S. (1997). Save the Males: Backlash in Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 16 (9), 933–942. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017991421416
5. Burukina, O.A. (2011). Konnotaciya kak kreativnii psiholingvisticheskii mehanizm v soznanii individa. [Connotation as a creative psycholinguistic mechanism in the individual’s mind]. Issues of Cognitive Linguistics, 4(29), 132–136.
6. Collinson, D.L. & Hearn, J. (1994). Naming Men as Men: Implications for Work, Organization and Management. Gender, Work and Organization, 1(1), 2–22.
7. Connell, R.W. & Messerschmidt, J.W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829-859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639
8. Dupuy. HJ. (1984). The Psychological General Well-Being (PGWB) Index. In: Wenger, N., Mattson M., Furberg C., Elinson J. (eds). Assessment of Quality of Life in clinical trials of cardiovascular therapies (pp. 170–183). Le Jacq Publishing.
9. Dush, C., Taylor, M. G., & Kroeger, R. A. (2008). Marital happiness and psychological well-being across the life course. Family Relations, 57(2), 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1741-3729.2008.00495
10. Essig, E. & Soparnot, R. (2019). Re-thinking gender inequality in the workplace – a framework from the male perspective. M@n@gement, 22, 373–410. https://doi.org/10.3917/ mana.223.0373
11. Evans, A.M., Carney, J.S. & Wilkinson, M. (2013). Work-Life Balance for Men: Counseling Implications. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91(4), 436–441. https://doi.org/10.1002/ j.1556-6676.2013.00115.x
12. Fadaei, M.H, Torkaman, M, Farokhzadian, J. (2020). Spiritual and Psychological Well- Being of Soldiers in Military Barracks: A Case Study in Iran. Journal of Archives in Military Medicine, 8(1): e108725. https://doi.org/10.5812/jamm.108725
13. Frone, M. R. (2000). Work-family conflict and employee psychiatric disorders: The national comorbidity survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 888–895. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.888
14. Gerstorf, D, Hoppmann, C.A., Löckenhoff, C.E., Infurna, F.J., Schupp, J., Wagner, G.G., Ram, N. (2016). Terminal decline in well-being: the role of social orientation. Psychology and Aging, 31(2), 149. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000072
15. Grossi, E., Groth, N., Mosconi, P., Cerutti, R., Pace, F., Compare, A., & Apolone, G. (2006). Development and validation of the short version of the Psychological 71 General Well-Being Index (PGWB-S). Health & Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-4-88
16. Hallberg, L.M., Hallberg, U., & Kramer, S.E. (2008). Self-reported hearing difficulties, communication strategies and psychological general well-being (quality of life) in patients with acquired hearing impairment. Disability And Rehabilitation. An International, Multidisciplinary Journal, 30(3), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280701228073
17. Harms, P.D.; Krasikova, D.V.; Vanhove, A.J.; Herian, M.N., Lester, P.B. (2013). Stress and Emotional Well-Being in Military Organizations. Publications of Affiliated Faculty: Nebraska Public Policy Center, 31. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/publicpolicyfacpub/31
18. Hernández-Varas, E., Labrador, E., Méndez S.M. (2019). Psychological capital, work satisfaction and health self-perception as predictors of psychological wellbeing in military personnel. Psicothema, 31(3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.22
19. Hoge, C.W., Castro, C.A., Messer, S.C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D.I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040603
20. Khumalo, I.P., Temane, Q.M., & Wissing, M.P. (2012). Socio-demographic variables, psychological general well-being and the mental health continuum in an african context. Social Indicators Research, 105(3), 419–442. https://doi.org/spot.lib.auburn.edu/10.1007/ s11205-010-9777-2
21. Kurganova, N.I. (2019). Associativnii eksperiment kak metod issledovaniya znacheniya zhivogo slova [Associative Experiment as a Method of Studying the Living Word Meaning]. Journal of Psycholinguistics, 3 (41), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.30982/2077-5911-2019-41-3- 24-37
22. Levade, A. (2004). Positive Discrimination and the Principle of Equality in French Law. Pouvoirs, 111, 55–71. https://doi.org/10.3917/pouv.111.0055
23. Limbert, C. (2004). Psychological Well-Being and Job Satisfaction Amongst Military Personnel on Unaccompanied Tours: The Impact of Perceived Social Support and Coping Strategies. Military Psychology 16(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp1601_3
24. Meshheryakov, B.G., Zinchenko, V.P. (2003). Bolshoi psihologicheskii slovar [Psychology Glossary]. St. Petersburg: Prajm-Evroznak.
25. Nierenberg, A.A., Rapaport, M.H., Schettler, P.J., Howland, R.H., Smith, J.A., Edwards D. (2010). Deficits in psychological well-being and quality-of-life in minor depression: implications for DSM-V. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 16(4), 208-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1755-5949.2009.00108.x
26. Planiol, A. (2016). The integration of women in the US military. Études de l’IRSEM, 43. UKL: https://www.irsem.fr/data/files/irsem/documents/document/file/2443/Etude_IRSEM_ n43_En.pdf
27. Ruggeri, K., Garcia-Garzon, E., Maguire, Á. (2020). Well-being is more than happiness and life satisfaction: a multidimensional analysis of 21 countries. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 18, 192. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01423-y
28. Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1996). Psychological well-being: Meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 65(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000289026
29. Schwerin, M. J. (2006). Quality of Life and Subjective Well-Being among Military Personnel: An Organizational Response to the Challenges of Military Life. In Britt T.W., Adler A.B., & Castro C.A. (Eds.), Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat: Military culture (pp. 145–179). Praeger Security International.
30. Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
31. Silgo, G.M. (2013). Revisión de programas de resiliencia basados en la evidencia en los ejércitos (Review of resilience programs based on evidence in the armies). Sanidad Militar, 69(3), 182–194. https://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S1887-85712013000300005
32. Sternin, I.A. (2020). Problemi interpretacii rezultatov associativnih eksperimentov [Interpretation Problems of Associative Experiments]. Journal of Psycholinguistics, 3 (45), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.30982/2077-5911-2020-45-3-110-125
33. Uher, R., & Goodman, R. (2010). The Everyday Feeling Questionnaire: The structure and validation of a measure of general psychological well-being and distress. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(3), 413–423. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127- 009-0074-9
34. Vrublevskaya, J.V. (2019). Konnotativnie antroponimi politicheskogo diskursa v vospriyatii nositelei russkogo yazika: eksperimentalnoe issledovanie [Connotanive Anthroponyms of Political Discourse in Perception of Russian Speakers: Experimental Research]. Journal of Psycholinguistics, 3(41), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.30982/2077-5911-2019-41-3-93-106
35. Yarnell, A.M., Barry, E.S., and Grunberg, N.E. (2019). Psychological wellbeing. In Smith D., Schoomaker E., O’Connor F. (Eds.), Fundamentals of Military Medical Practice (рp. 363–379). Borden.
2. Bartone, P., Bowles, S. (2020). Coping with recruiter stress: Hardiness, performance and well-being in US Army recruiters. Military Psychology, 32, 390–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 08995605.2020.1780061
3. Bowles, S.V. (2017). Well-Being in the Military. In: Bowles S., Bartone P. (eds) Handbook of Military Psychology (pp. 213–238). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 319-66192-6_14
4. Burke, R.J. & Black, S. (1997). Save the Males: Backlash in Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 16 (9), 933–942. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017991421416
5. Burukina, O.A. (2011). Konnotaciya kak kreativnii psiholingvisticheskii mehanizm v soznanii individa. [Connotation as a creative psycholinguistic mechanism in the individual’s mind]. Issues of Cognitive Linguistics, 4(29), 132–136.
6. Collinson, D.L. & Hearn, J. (1994). Naming Men as Men: Implications for Work, Organization and Management. Gender, Work and Organization, 1(1), 2–22.
7. Connell, R.W. & Messerschmidt, J.W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829-859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639
8. Dupuy. HJ. (1984). The Psychological General Well-Being (PGWB) Index. In: Wenger, N., Mattson M., Furberg C., Elinson J. (eds). Assessment of Quality of Life in clinical trials of cardiovascular therapies (pp. 170–183). Le Jacq Publishing.
9. Dush, C., Taylor, M. G., & Kroeger, R. A. (2008). Marital happiness and psychological well-being across the life course. Family Relations, 57(2), 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1741-3729.2008.00495
10. Essig, E. & Soparnot, R. (2019). Re-thinking gender inequality in the workplace – a framework from the male perspective. M@n@gement, 22, 373–410. https://doi.org/10.3917/ mana.223.0373
11. Evans, A.M., Carney, J.S. & Wilkinson, M. (2013). Work-Life Balance for Men: Counseling Implications. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91(4), 436–441. https://doi.org/10.1002/ j.1556-6676.2013.00115.x
12. Fadaei, M.H, Torkaman, M, Farokhzadian, J. (2020). Spiritual and Psychological Well- Being of Soldiers in Military Barracks: A Case Study in Iran. Journal of Archives in Military Medicine, 8(1): e108725. https://doi.org/10.5812/jamm.108725
13. Frone, M. R. (2000). Work-family conflict and employee psychiatric disorders: The national comorbidity survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 888–895. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.888
14. Gerstorf, D, Hoppmann, C.A., Löckenhoff, C.E., Infurna, F.J., Schupp, J., Wagner, G.G., Ram, N. (2016). Terminal decline in well-being: the role of social orientation. Psychology and Aging, 31(2), 149. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000072
15. Grossi, E., Groth, N., Mosconi, P., Cerutti, R., Pace, F., Compare, A., & Apolone, G. (2006). Development and validation of the short version of the Psychological 71 General Well-Being Index (PGWB-S). Health & Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-4-88
16. Hallberg, L.M., Hallberg, U., & Kramer, S.E. (2008). Self-reported hearing difficulties, communication strategies and psychological general well-being (quality of life) in patients with acquired hearing impairment. Disability And Rehabilitation. An International, Multidisciplinary Journal, 30(3), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280701228073
17. Harms, P.D.; Krasikova, D.V.; Vanhove, A.J.; Herian, M.N., Lester, P.B. (2013). Stress and Emotional Well-Being in Military Organizations. Publications of Affiliated Faculty: Nebraska Public Policy Center, 31. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/publicpolicyfacpub/31
18. Hernández-Varas, E., Labrador, E., Méndez S.M. (2019). Psychological capital, work satisfaction and health self-perception as predictors of psychological wellbeing in military personnel. Psicothema, 31(3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.22
19. Hoge, C.W., Castro, C.A., Messer, S.C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D.I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040603
20. Khumalo, I.P., Temane, Q.M., & Wissing, M.P. (2012). Socio-demographic variables, psychological general well-being and the mental health continuum in an african context. Social Indicators Research, 105(3), 419–442. https://doi.org/spot.lib.auburn.edu/10.1007/ s11205-010-9777-2
21. Kurganova, N.I. (2019). Associativnii eksperiment kak metod issledovaniya znacheniya zhivogo slova [Associative Experiment as a Method of Studying the Living Word Meaning]. Journal of Psycholinguistics, 3 (41), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.30982/2077-5911-2019-41-3- 24-37
22. Levade, A. (2004). Positive Discrimination and the Principle of Equality in French Law. Pouvoirs, 111, 55–71. https://doi.org/10.3917/pouv.111.0055
23. Limbert, C. (2004). Psychological Well-Being and Job Satisfaction Amongst Military Personnel on Unaccompanied Tours: The Impact of Perceived Social Support and Coping Strategies. Military Psychology 16(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp1601_3
24. Meshheryakov, B.G., Zinchenko, V.P. (2003). Bolshoi psihologicheskii slovar [Psychology Glossary]. St. Petersburg: Prajm-Evroznak.
25. Nierenberg, A.A., Rapaport, M.H., Schettler, P.J., Howland, R.H., Smith, J.A., Edwards D. (2010). Deficits in psychological well-being and quality-of-life in minor depression: implications for DSM-V. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 16(4), 208-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1755-5949.2009.00108.x
26. Planiol, A. (2016). The integration of women in the US military. Études de l’IRSEM, 43. UKL: https://www.irsem.fr/data/files/irsem/documents/document/file/2443/Etude_IRSEM_ n43_En.pdf
27. Ruggeri, K., Garcia-Garzon, E., Maguire, Á. (2020). Well-being is more than happiness and life satisfaction: a multidimensional analysis of 21 countries. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 18, 192. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01423-y
28. Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1996). Psychological well-being: Meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 65(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000289026
29. Schwerin, M. J. (2006). Quality of Life and Subjective Well-Being among Military Personnel: An Organizational Response to the Challenges of Military Life. In Britt T.W., Adler A.B., & Castro C.A. (Eds.), Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat: Military culture (pp. 145–179). Praeger Security International.
30. Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
31. Silgo, G.M. (2013). Revisión de programas de resiliencia basados en la evidencia en los ejércitos (Review of resilience programs based on evidence in the armies). Sanidad Militar, 69(3), 182–194. https://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S1887-85712013000300005
32. Sternin, I.A. (2020). Problemi interpretacii rezultatov associativnih eksperimentov [Interpretation Problems of Associative Experiments]. Journal of Psycholinguistics, 3 (45), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.30982/2077-5911-2020-45-3-110-125
33. Uher, R., & Goodman, R. (2010). The Everyday Feeling Questionnaire: The structure and validation of a measure of general psychological well-being and distress. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(3), 413–423. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127- 009-0074-9
34. Vrublevskaya, J.V. (2019). Konnotativnie antroponimi politicheskogo diskursa v vospriyatii nositelei russkogo yazika: eksperimentalnoe issledovanie [Connotanive Anthroponyms of Political Discourse in Perception of Russian Speakers: Experimental Research]. Journal of Psycholinguistics, 3(41), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.30982/2077-5911-2019-41-3-93-106
35. Yarnell, A.M., Barry, E.S., and Grunberg, N.E. (2019). Psychological wellbeing. In Smith D., Schoomaker E., O’Connor F. (Eds.), Fundamentals of Military Medical Practice (рp. 363–379). Borden.
Abstract views: 192 PDF Downloads: 126
Published
2022-06-14
How to Cite
Khraban, T. (2022). A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN MILITARY ORGANIZATION FROM MASCULINE TO GENDER-NEUTRAL. Scientific Journal of Polonia University, 51(2), 239-248. https://doi.org/10.23856/5128
Section
INNOVATION, WORK, SOCIETY
