CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
Keywords:
varicose veins, postthrombotic syndrome, thrombophilia, endovenous laser therapy
Abstract
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a common, but underdiagnozed clinical disorder associated with a variety of signs and symptoms. The presence of leg edema in association with varicose veins, and venous leg ulcer in later disease stages defines the disease. The pathogenesis of chronic venous disease is based on venous reflux, obstruction, or a combination thereof. Prior postthrombotic syndrome is one of risk factor for CVI which may explain observed prevalence of thrombophilia in CVI. Color flow duplex ultrasound is the gold standard for nearly all diagnostic issues related to chronic venous disease. Compression stockings are the mainstay for conservative management. Earlier use of venous ablation therapy should be considered in symptomatic patients with superficial tortuous vein
References
Barron, G. S., Jacob, S. E., Kirsner RS (2007). Dermatologic complications of chronic venous disease: medical management and beyond. Ann Vasc Surg 21, (5), 652–62. [in English].
Bohler, K. (2016). Surgery of varicose vein insufficiency. Wien Med Wochenschr, 166 (9-10), 293–6. DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0486-6. [in German].
Bradbury, A. W., MacKenzie, R. K., Burns, P., Fegan, C. (2002). Thrombophilia andchronic venous ulceration. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 24, 97-104. [in English].
Brandt, H. R. C., Messina, M. C. D., Belda, W., Jose, E. C. M., Criado, P. R. (2007). Leg ulcers associated with factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A and methyltetrahydrofolate reductase mutations: successful treatment with warfarin. International Journal of Dermatology, 46 (12), 1319-20. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03424.x. [in English].
Callam, M. J. (1994). Epidemiology of varicose veins. British Journal of Surgery, 81,167–173. [in English].
Dissemond, J., Assenheimer, B., Bultemann, A., et al. (2016). Compression therapy in patients with venous leg ulcers. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 14, 1072–87. DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13091. [in English].
Eberhardt, R. T., Raffett,o J. D. (2014). Chronic venous insufficiency. Circulation, 130, 333–346. [in English].
Eklöf, B. (2006). CEAP classification and implications for investigations. Acta chirurgica Belgica, 106 (6), 654-8. [in English].
Eklöf, B., Rutherford, R. B., Bergan, J. J., Carpentier, P. H., Gloviczki, P. et al. (2004). Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: consensus statement. American Venous Forum International Ad Hoc Committee for Revision of the CEAP Classificatioion. Journal of vascular surgery, 40 (6), 1248-52. DOI:10.1016/j.jvs.2004.09.027. [in English].
Evans, C. J., Fowkes, F. G., Ruckley, C. V., Lee, A. J. (1999). Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. The Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 53, (3), 149-53. [in English].
Fowkes, F. G., Lee, A. J., Evans, C. J., Allan, P. L., Bradbury, A. W., Ruckley, C. V. (2001). Lifestyle risk factors for lower limb venous reflux in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 846–852. [in English].
Galanaud, J. P., Holcroft, C. A., Rodger, M. A., et al. (2013) Predictors of postthrombotic syndrome in a population with a first deep vein thrombosis and no primary venous insufficiency. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 11, 474–80. [in English].
Goodacre, S., Sampson, F., Thomas, S. et al. (2005). Systematic review and meta analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for deep vein thrombosis. BMC Med Imaging, 5, 6. [in English].
Guilhou, J.J., Dereure, O., Marzin, L., et al .(1997). Efficacy of Daflon 500 mg in venous leg ulcer healing: a double-blind, randomized, controlled versus placebo trial in 107 patients. Angiology, 48, 77–85. [in English].
Ibbotson, S. H., Layton, A. M., Davies, J. A., Goodfield, M. J. (1995). The effect of aspirin on haemostatic activity in the treatment of chronic venous ulceration. British Journal Dermatol, 132:422-6. [in English].
McMullin, G. M., Coleridge Smith, P. D. (1992). An evaluation of Doppler ultrasound and photoplethysmography in the investigation of venous insufficiency. NZ Journal of Surg, 62, 270–5. [in English].
Motykie, G. D., Caprini, J. A., Arcelus, J. I, et al. (1999). Evaluation of therapeutic compression stockings in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Dermatol Surg, 25, 116–20. [in English].
Moura, R. M., Goncalves, G. S., Navarro, T. P. et al. (2010). Relationship between quality of life and the CEAP clinical classification in chronic venous disease. Rev Bras Fisioter, 14, 99–105. [in English].
Neser, R. A., Caffaro, R. A. (2011). Invagination stripping with ultrasound guided perivenous tumescence: an original method of great saphenous vein stripping. Dermatol Surg, 37, 349–52. [in English].
Raffetto, J. D., Mannello, F. (2014). Pathophysiology of chronic venous disease. Int Angiol, 33, 212–21. [in English].
Raju, S, Neglen, P. (2009). Clinical practice. Chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 2319–2327. [in English].
Raju, S., Hollis, K., Neglen, P. (2007). Use of compression stockings in chronic venous disease: patient compliance and efficacy. Ann Vasc Surg, 21, 790–795. [in English].
Reitsma, P.H., Versteeg, H.H., Middeldorp, S. (2012). Mechanistic view of risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 32, (3), 563–8. [in English].
Stoughton, J. (2011). Venous ablation therapy: indications and outcomes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 54, 61–9. [in English].
Tick, L.W., Kramer, M. H., Rosendal, F. R., Faber, W. R., Doggen, C. J. (2008). Risk factors for post-thrombotic syndrome in patients with a first deep venous thrombosis. Journal Thromb Haemost, 6, 2075–81. [in English].
Bohler, K. (2016). Surgery of varicose vein insufficiency. Wien Med Wochenschr, 166 (9-10), 293–6. DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0486-6. [in German].
Bradbury, A. W., MacKenzie, R. K., Burns, P., Fegan, C. (2002). Thrombophilia andchronic venous ulceration. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 24, 97-104. [in English].
Brandt, H. R. C., Messina, M. C. D., Belda, W., Jose, E. C. M., Criado, P. R. (2007). Leg ulcers associated with factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A and methyltetrahydrofolate reductase mutations: successful treatment with warfarin. International Journal of Dermatology, 46 (12), 1319-20. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03424.x. [in English].
Callam, M. J. (1994). Epidemiology of varicose veins. British Journal of Surgery, 81,167–173. [in English].
Dissemond, J., Assenheimer, B., Bultemann, A., et al. (2016). Compression therapy in patients with venous leg ulcers. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 14, 1072–87. DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13091. [in English].
Eberhardt, R. T., Raffett,o J. D. (2014). Chronic venous insufficiency. Circulation, 130, 333–346. [in English].
Eklöf, B. (2006). CEAP classification and implications for investigations. Acta chirurgica Belgica, 106 (6), 654-8. [in English].
Eklöf, B., Rutherford, R. B., Bergan, J. J., Carpentier, P. H., Gloviczki, P. et al. (2004). Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: consensus statement. American Venous Forum International Ad Hoc Committee for Revision of the CEAP Classificatioion. Journal of vascular surgery, 40 (6), 1248-52. DOI:10.1016/j.jvs.2004.09.027. [in English].
Evans, C. J., Fowkes, F. G., Ruckley, C. V., Lee, A. J. (1999). Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. The Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 53, (3), 149-53. [in English].
Fowkes, F. G., Lee, A. J., Evans, C. J., Allan, P. L., Bradbury, A. W., Ruckley, C. V. (2001). Lifestyle risk factors for lower limb venous reflux in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 846–852. [in English].
Galanaud, J. P., Holcroft, C. A., Rodger, M. A., et al. (2013) Predictors of postthrombotic syndrome in a population with a first deep vein thrombosis and no primary venous insufficiency. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 11, 474–80. [in English].
Goodacre, S., Sampson, F., Thomas, S. et al. (2005). Systematic review and meta analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for deep vein thrombosis. BMC Med Imaging, 5, 6. [in English].
Guilhou, J.J., Dereure, O., Marzin, L., et al .(1997). Efficacy of Daflon 500 mg in venous leg ulcer healing: a double-blind, randomized, controlled versus placebo trial in 107 patients. Angiology, 48, 77–85. [in English].
Ibbotson, S. H., Layton, A. M., Davies, J. A., Goodfield, M. J. (1995). The effect of aspirin on haemostatic activity in the treatment of chronic venous ulceration. British Journal Dermatol, 132:422-6. [in English].
McMullin, G. M., Coleridge Smith, P. D. (1992). An evaluation of Doppler ultrasound and photoplethysmography in the investigation of venous insufficiency. NZ Journal of Surg, 62, 270–5. [in English].
Motykie, G. D., Caprini, J. A., Arcelus, J. I, et al. (1999). Evaluation of therapeutic compression stockings in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Dermatol Surg, 25, 116–20. [in English].
Moura, R. M., Goncalves, G. S., Navarro, T. P. et al. (2010). Relationship between quality of life and the CEAP clinical classification in chronic venous disease. Rev Bras Fisioter, 14, 99–105. [in English].
Neser, R. A., Caffaro, R. A. (2011). Invagination stripping with ultrasound guided perivenous tumescence: an original method of great saphenous vein stripping. Dermatol Surg, 37, 349–52. [in English].
Raffetto, J. D., Mannello, F. (2014). Pathophysiology of chronic venous disease. Int Angiol, 33, 212–21. [in English].
Raju, S, Neglen, P. (2009). Clinical practice. Chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 2319–2327. [in English].
Raju, S., Hollis, K., Neglen, P. (2007). Use of compression stockings in chronic venous disease: patient compliance and efficacy. Ann Vasc Surg, 21, 790–795. [in English].
Reitsma, P.H., Versteeg, H.H., Middeldorp, S. (2012). Mechanistic view of risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 32, (3), 563–8. [in English].
Stoughton, J. (2011). Venous ablation therapy: indications and outcomes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 54, 61–9. [in English].
Tick, L.W., Kramer, M. H., Rosendal, F. R., Faber, W. R., Doggen, C. J. (2008). Risk factors for post-thrombotic syndrome in patients with a first deep venous thrombosis. Journal Thromb Haemost, 6, 2075–81. [in English].
Abstract views: 597 PDF Downloads: 326
Published
2019-04-03
How to Cite
Stadnicki, A., Rusnák, M., & Stadnicka, A. (2019). CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY. Scientific Journal of Polonia University, 32(1), 131-136. https://doi.org/10.23856/3217
Section
Medical Science
